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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tinro</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия ТИНРО</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya TINRO</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1606-9919</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5510</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ТИНРО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26428/1606-9919-2018-195-3-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tinro-438</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>АДАПТИВНАЯ ЗОНА, ПЕТЕРСЕНОВСКИЕ СООБЩЕСТВА, АРЕАЛ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ НИША. СООБЩЕНИЕ 1. ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ И СООТНОШЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЙ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Adaptive zone, Petersen-type communities, geographical range and ecological niche. Report 1. Defnitions and relations of the concepts</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волвенко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volvenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волвенко Игорь Валентинович, доктор биологических наук, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>690091, г. Владивосток, пер. Шевченко, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Volvenko Igor V., D.Sc., principal researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oknevlov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>Тихоокеанский научно-исследовательский рыбохозяйственный центр</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>195</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волвенко И.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волвенко И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volvenko I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestiya.tinro-center.ru/jour/article/view/438">https://izvestiya.tinro-center.ru/jour/article/view/438</self-uri><abstract><p>Дается уточненное определение термина адаптивная зона (АЗ). Показано, что петерсеновские сообщества (ПС) не являются сообществами в полном смысле этого слова. Это просто участки, в пределах которых преобладают одни и те же виды. Орудие лова, используемое при выделении ПС, должно годиться для учета массовых видов. Все они должны быть представлены в списках, независимо от того, являются ли сезонными или постоянными компонентами населения. Для сравнения видовых обилий нужно пользоваться только одним из показателей биомассы или численности. Для выделения и названия нескольких ПС должно использоваться одинаковое число самых массовых видов. Если это число равно 1 и соблюдены перечисленные условия, то этим методом выделяется не что иное, как АЗ видов, которые и являются элементарными ПС. Фундаментальная экологическая ниша (ЭН) вида включает реализованную АЗ, которая в реальном пространстве фактически совпадает с его ареалом (АР). АР находится внутри ЭН, а реализованная АЗ вида — это часть АР. АР (иногда и ЭН) различных видов могут частично или полностью перекрываться, а АЗ — нет. Каждой АЗ соответствует определенный вид, но не каждому виду — АЗ. АЗ имеются у видов наиболее массовых, и размер АЗ может служить одной из простых мер живучести или успешности вида в борьбе за существование, а также доли ресурсов, захваченных им при делении суммарной экологической емкости среды. Внутри АР вида могут находиться от нуля до нескольких АЗ как самого этого, так и других видов. Внутри АЗ вида находятся также части АР других видов, имеющих сходные требования к окружающей среде, которые для него являются пищей, хищниками, паразитами, конкурентами, симбионтами и прочими проявлениями биотических факторов местообитания. Потенциальные АЗ могут находиться и внутри, и за пределами реального АР вида, но только в пределах его фундаментального АР. Они могут быть реализованы при изменении условий среды или преодолении существующих барьеров распространения вида. Превращение потенциальной АЗ в реализованную способно вызвать экологическую катастрофу, если нарушит существующее равновесие и приведет к существенному перераспределению доступных видам долей суммарной экологической емкости среды. Но даже значительные изменения соотношений АР и АЗ видов не вызовут катастрофических последствий там, где экологическая емкость среды не заполнена, плотность упаковки ЭН невелика. Изменения среды обитания, а также онтогенетические, миграционные, сукцессионные и эволюционные процессы вызывают изменения соотношения обилия разных видов. Это ведет к изменчивости их АЗ. Число, размеры, формы, расположение на местности АЗ меняются поступательно как в реальном, так и в геологическом масштабах времени и циклически в соответствии с циркадными, сезонными и многолетними ритмами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Defnition of the term adaptive zone (AZ) is amended. The Petersen-type communities (PC) are not communities in every sense of the word. They are just the areas within which the same species prevail in their abundance. An accounting gear used for identifcation of PC must be suited for catching of the most abundant species. All dominant species must be represented in the lists, regardless of whether they are seasonal or permanent components of population. Only one factor (either number of individuals or biomass) has to be used for species abundance comparison. For recognition and naming of several PC, the same number of the dominant and subdominant species should be used. Under the abovementioned conditions, if this number is equal to 1 — this method selects nothing more than AZ, which are the elementary PC. The fundamental ecological niche (EN) of a species includes its realized AZ — the real space actually coincides with its geographical range (GR). The GR is situated inside the EN, and the realized AZ is a part of GR. The GR (and sometimes EN) of different species can be partially or fully overlapped, but their AZ cannot be overlapped. Each AZ is compliant with a certain species, but not each species is compliant with AZ. AZ are available to the most dominant species and the size of AZ may serve as one of simple measures of the species capability for survival or success in their struggle for existence, and corresponds to portion of total ecological capacity of the environment used by the species. The interiors of the species GR may contain from zero to several AZ, both of this and other species. The interiors of the species AZ also contain parts of GR of other species having similar requirements to the environment (prey, predators, parasites, competitors, symbionts, and other biotic habitat factors). Potential AZ may be located both inside and outside the real GR of a species, but only within its fundamental GR. The potential AZ can be realized by changing the environmental conditions or passing through existing barriers of distribution. Transformation of potential AZ into a realized one can cause an ecological catastrophe if it breaks the existing balance and leads to signifcant redistribution of the shares of total ecological capacity available for species. But even signifcant changes in the ratios of GR and AZ of species will not cause catastrophic consequences in conditions of abundant vital resources, if ecological capacity of the environment is not flled and packing density of EN is low. Changes in the environment, as well as ontogenetic, migratory, succession and evolutionary processes cause changes in ratio of abundance between different species, including mass ones, that leads to variability of their AZ. Number, sizes, shapes, location of the AZ change progressively, both on the actual and geological time scales, and cyclically in accordance with circadian, seasonal and perennial rhythms. Therefore AZ, as well as GR, EN and communities, should be studied in dynamics and in connection with changes in the environment. Defnitions of the main terms are presented in a Supplement.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>адаптивная зона</kwd><kwd>петерсеновское сообщество</kwd><kwd>ареал</kwd><kwd>экологическая ниша</kwd><kwd>динамика экосистем</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adaptive zone</kwd><kwd>Petersen-type community</kwd><kwd>geographical range of species</kwd><kwd>ecological niche</kwd><kwd>dynamics of ecosystems</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алимов А.Ф. 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