Russian-Japanese fisheries relations and salmon issues in the Russian Far East

History of the Russian-Japanese cooperation in fisheries in the Far East dem- onstrates a dynamic interaction of economic, technological and geopolitical factors. Formerly Japan, possessing technological superiority, dominated in exploitation of pacific salmon that was noted in the St. Petersburg treaty in 1875 and Portsmouth treaty in 1905. Japan leaded in modernization of fishing gears and techniques, including introduction of fixed seines and drift nets, as well as in development of fish processing technology and biological studies of pacific salmon. In the Soviet period, the national state control over resources increased, but the concessions in 1920–1930s still were dependent on Japanese capital. Until the middle of the 20^th century, the salmon of Russian origin dominated in annual catch of Japan (up to 86 %). 
The offshore drift-net fishing played a significant role before the ban in 2015. Modern stage in salmon fishery in the Far East is distinguished by reduction of Japanese input (2–3 % or less of the total annual catch after 2006) and increasing Russian sovereignty, including restriction on drift-net fishing and implementation of regulated quotas. However, Japan continues to lead in development of salmon farming. Russia joined to the artificial reproduction of pacific salmon and established a net of fish hatcheries in Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, although their effectiveness is controversial, in particular after lowering of the juveniles return to 1 % in 2020s. The study highlights contradictions between growing investments in aquaculture and more complicated dynamics of natural populations, as well as the need for a balance between economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. The historical analysis reveals a key role of international cooperation in shaping the resource policy: from technological borrowing to scientific collaboration. Prospects of salmon farming are related on development and integration of historical experience, deep knowledge on population biology, and adaptive management that ensure long-term conservation of biological resources in changing nature and political realities.

1. Agapov, I.D., Fish and fisheries of the Anadyr estuary, in Ryby i rybnyy promysel v nizov’yakh reki Yeniseya, v reke Khatange i v Anadyrskom limane, Tr. Nauch. issled. in-ta polyarn. zemled. i prom. khoz-va (Fish and fisheries in the lower reaches of the Yenisei River, in the Khatanga River and in the Anadyr estuary. Tr. Research Institute of Polar. Agriculture, animal husbandry and commercial farming, 1941, no. 16., pp. 73–113.

2. Aleksin, M.S., The current situation of the fishing industry in the Far East and its immediate prospects, in Sovremennoye polozheniye rybnoy promyshlennosti na Dal’nem Vostoke i yeye blizhay- shiye perspektivy (Fish and fur wealth of the Far East), Khabarovsk, 1925, pp. 3–109.

3. Anadyrskiy kray. Rukopis’ zhitelya sela Markovo G. D’yachkova s predisloviyem F.F. Busse (The Anadyr region. The manuscript of G. Dyachkov, a resident of the village of Markovo, with a preface by F.F. Busse), Zap. o-va izuch. Amur. Kraya, Vladivostok, 1893, vol. 11.

4. Andrianov, F., Fisheries of the Far East, Byul. ryb. khoz-va, 1924, no. 6–7, pp. 2–5.

5. Antonov, A.A., Kovtun, M.V., Poltev, Yu.N., and Badaev, O.Z., The results of monitoring the pre-spawning migration of Pacific salmon in the Amur waters of the Pacific Ocean in the summer of 2007, in Byull. no. 2 realizatsii “Kontseptsii dal’nevostochnoi basseinovoi programmy izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei” (Bull. No. 2 Implementation “Concept of the Far Eastern Basin Program for the Study of Pacific Salmon”), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2007, pp. 128–133.

6. Antonov, N.P., Commercially harvested species of fish of the Kamchatka Region: biology, stocks and fisheries, Moscow: VNIRO, 2011.

7. Atlas rasprostraneniya v more razlichnykh stad tikhookeanskikh lososey v period vesenne- letnego nagula i prednerestovykh migratsiy (Atlas of the distribution in the sea of various herds of Pacific salmon during the spring-summer feeding and pre-spawning migrations), Gritsenko, O.F., ed., Moscow: VNIRO, 2002.

8. Baitalyuk, A.A., Zavolokin, A.V., and Zavolokina, E.A., Salmon in the nectonic commu- nity of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean in June-July 2007, in Byull. no. 2 realizatsii “Kontseptsii dal’nevostochnoi basseinovoi programmy izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei” (Bull. No. 2 Implementation “Concept of the Far Eastern Basin Program for the Study of Pacific Salmon”), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2007, pp. 134–138.

9. Bugaev, A.V., Zikunova, O.V., Tepnin, O.B., Artyukhina, N.B., and Shpigalskaya, N.Yu., Basic principles of developing and interpretation of validity for fishery forecasts of pacific salmon in the Kamchatka Region in the modern period (analytical review for 2010–2020s), Izv. Tikhookean.

10. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2024, vol. 204, no. 4, pp. 964–1002. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2024-204-964-1002. EDN: UWVHLB

11. Bugaev, A.V. and Tepnin, O.B., Klimat i tikhookeanskiye lososi (Climate and Pacific salmon), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2024.

12. Bugaev, V.F., Aziatskaya nerka (presnovodnyi period zhizni, struktura lokal’nykh stad, dinamika chislennosti) (Asian Sockeye Salmon (Freshwater Life History, Structure of Local Stocks, and Population Dynamics)), Moscow: Kolos, 1995.

13. Vakhrin, S.I., Khronika neokonchennoy voyny. Drifternomu promyslu — NET! (Chronicle of an unfinished war. NO to drift fishing!), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress, 2014.

14. Vedishcheva, E.V., Features of biology and possibilities of commercial use of salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus of the northern Kuril Islands, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, 2004.

15. Gantimurov, I.P., Protection of Russia’s economic interests in the field of marine fisheries, Vestn. Dal’nevost. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2011, no. 1, pp. 13–21.

16. Glubokovsky, M.K., Lepskaya, V.A., Vedishcheva, E.V., and Klovach, N.V., Fishery for Pacific salmon in the North Kuril waters: history, current status and prospects, Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2015, vol. 158, pp. 75–88.

17. Greenberg, E.V., One hundred typical mistakes and violations of biotechnics of artificial breeding of Pacific salmon, Rybn. Khoz., 2021, no. 5, pp. 80–88. DOI: 10.37663/0131-6184-2021-5-80-88

18. Zaporozhets, G.V. and Zaporozhets, O.M., Lososevye rybovodnye zavody Dal’nego Vostoka v ekosistemakh severnoi Patsifiki (Salmon Hatcheries of the Far East in the Ecosystems of the North Pacific), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress, 2011.

19. Zilanov, V.K., Stalinskiye rybnyye narkomy. Polina Zhemchuzhina. Aleksandr Ishkov (Stalin’s fish commissars. Polina Zhemchuzhina. Alexander Ishkov), Moscow: Rodina, 2025.

20. Ilyina, V.A., Japanese industrial fishery on Kamchatka in 1907–1928, Vestn. Tomsk. GU, 2007, no. 303, pp. 77–79.

21. Inostrannyye kontsessii v otechestvennom rybnom khozyaystve (1920–1930-ye gg.): dokumenty i materialy (Foreign concessions in the domestic fish industry (1920–1930s): documents and materials), Zagorulko, M.M., Abashidze A.H., eds, Moscow: Sovremennaya ekonomika i pravo, 2003.

22. Kaev, A.M., Temporal structure of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha migratory run to the Okhotsk Sea, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2002, vol. 130, pp. 904–920.

23. Kaev, A.M., On the migration flow of pink salmon in the Sea of Okhotsk, Rybn. Khoz., 2001, no. 5, pp. 33–35.

24. Kazarnovsky, M.Ya., Yaponskiy promysel lososey v severo-zapadnoy chasti Tikhogo okeana (Japanese salmon fisheries in the Pacific Northwest), Moscow: VNIRO, 1987.

25. Klyashtorin, L.B. and Lyubushin, A.A., Tsiklicheskiye izmeneniya klimata i ryboproduktivnosti (Cyclic Changes in Climate and Fish Capacity), Moscow: VNIRO, 2005.

26. Kolpakov, N.V. and Kulbachny, S.E., Observations on natural and artificial reproduction of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta at the Honshu and Hokkaido (Japan), Tr. Sakhalin. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2023, vol. 19, pt I, pp. 303–328.

27. Korotaev, Yu.A., Makoedov, A.N., and Korotaeva, O.B., Populyatsionnaya biologiya i promyslovoye znacheniye anadyrskoy kety (Population biology and commercial importance of the Anadyr chum), Moscow: Voprosy rybolovstva, 2002.

28. Kotsyuk, D.V., Artificial reproduction of pacific salmons in the Amur River basin: history, cur- rent state, prospects, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2020, vol. 200, no. 3, pp. 530–550. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-530-550

29. Kotsiuk, D.V., On increasing the effectiveness of state regulation of fisheries in the Khabarovsk Region with the application of project management, Vopr. Rybolov., 2024, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 137–158. doi: 10.36038/0234-2774-2024-25-4-137-158 Koshkaryova, S.G., Concessionary activities of Japan’s fisheries in Kamchatka in 1907–1945, Vestn. KRAUNTS. Gumanitarnyye nauki, 2015, no. 2(26), pp. 8–13.

30. Koshkaryova, S.G., Soviet concessionary policy in Russian Far East (1920–1930), Vestn. KRAUNTS. Gumanitarnyye nauki, 2012, no. 1(19), pp. 15–23.

31. Koshkareva, S.G., The Soviet concession policy in the North-East of the country in 1920–1945, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Hist.) Dissertation, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 2007.

32. Koshkareva, S.G., The content and peculiarities of the Soviet concession policy in the Far East in 1920–1930s, Vlast’ i upravleniye na Vostoke Rossii, 2007, no. 3, pp. 154–160.

33. Koshkareva, S.G., The Japanese fishing industry in the North-East of the Soviet State (1922– 1927), in Sotsial’no-etnicheskiye protsessy v mikro- i makroistorii : sb. materialov 5-y yezhegod. nauch.-teoret. konf. «Chelovek v istorii» (Socio-ethnic processes in micro- and macrohistory Collection of materials of the V Annual Scientific and theoretical conference “Man in History”), Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky: KamGU im. Vitusa Beringa, 2006, pp. 271–281.

34. Koshkaryova, S.G. and Spiridonov, S.S., Russian-Japanese relationships in Kamchatka in 1907–1923: on setting the problem of investigation, Vestn. KRAUNTS. Gumanitarnyye nauki, 2018, no. 1(31), pp. 14–18.

35. Krasheninnikov, S.P., Opisaniye zemli Kamchatk (Description of the land of Kamchatka), vol. 1, 2, St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1755.

36. Kryukov, N.A., Some data on the fishing situation in the Amur Region, Zap. Priamurskogo Otd. Imp. Russ. Geogr. O-va, St. Peteresburg, 1894.

37. Kuznetsov, I.I., Fish hatcheries on Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka and the prospects of their activities, Byul. ryb. khoz-va, 1928, no. 9, pp. 15–17.

38. Kuklina, A.S., Japanese drift-net fishing in the Russian Far East and Russia-Japan fisheries relations, Izv. Irkutsk. Gos. Univ., Ser.: Istoriya, 2017, vol. 19, pp. 101–113.

39. Kumantsov, M.I., From the history of fishing development in Chukotka (the end of the nine- teenth century — the 30s of the twentieth century), in Chukotka: priroda i chelovek (Chukotka: nature and man), Magadan: Sev.-Vost. Nauchn. Tsentr Dal’nevost. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1998, pp. 65–75.

40. Kurmazov, A.A., Russia-Japan fisheries relations in the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2005, vol. 142, pp. 391–402.

41. Kurmazov, A.A., Exchanges of visits of the ministers of fisheries of the USSR and Japan and a look at modern fishing Russian-Japanese relations from 2023, Rybn. Khoz., 2023, no. 3, pp. 4–13. doi 10.37663/0131-6184-2023-3-4-13

42. Kutsobina, N.K., Rybnoye khozyaystvo Yaponii (Fisheries of Japan), Moscow: Nauka, 1979.

43. Lagunov, I.I., The status of stocks of Pacific salmon and measures on restoration, Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1975, vol. 106, pp. 7–13.

44. Lepskaya, V.A., Vedishcheva, E.V., and Abramov, A.A., Tikhookeanskiye lososi v vodakh severnykh Kuril’skikh ostrovov (Pacific salmon in the waters of the Northern Kuril Islands), Moscow: VNIRO, 2011.

45. Makoedov, A.N., Antonov, N.P., Kumantsоv, M.I., and Pogodaev, E.G., Theory and practice of salmon fisheries in the Far East, Vopr. Rybolov., 2006, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 6–21.

46. Makoedov, A.N. and Kozhemyako, O.N., Osnovy rybokhozyaystvennoy politiki Rossii (The Principles of fishery policy in Russian Federation), Moscow: Natsionalnye Rybnye Resursy, 2007.

47. Makoedov, A.N. and Makoedov, A.A., Sopulation dynamics and catch prospects of russian pacific salmon (Ohcorhynchus, Salmonidae), Vestn. Kamchatskogo Gos. Tekh. Univ., 2022, no. 60, pp. 84–97. doi 10.17217/2079-0333-2022-60-84-97

48. Makoedov, A.N. and Makoedov, A.A., Pacific Salmon: Status of Stocks and Prospects for the Fishery, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2022, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 547–554. doi 10.1134/s1063074022070112

49. Makoedov, A.N. and Makoedov, A.A., Artificial reproduction and status of stock for pacific salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2022, vol. 202, no. 3, pp. 661–678. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2022-202-661-678

50. Makoedov, A.N. and Makoedov, A.A., Russian pacific salmon: what catches may we expect?, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2023, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 579–586. doi 10.1134/s1063074023070088

51. Makoedov, A.N., Myasnikov, V.G., Kumantsov, M.I., Datsky, A.V., Smirnov, G.P., An- dropov, P.Yu., Korotaev, Yu.A., and Tchikilev, V.G., Bioresursy vnutrennikh vodoyemov Chukotki i prilegayushchikh vod Beringova morya (Bioresources of Chukotka freshwater basins and contiguous waters of the Bering Sea), Moscow: Economics and Informatics, 1999.

52. Mandrik, A.T., Istoriya rybnoy promyshlennosti rossiyskogo Dal’nego Vostoka (50-ye gody XVII v. — 20-ye gody XX v.) (The history of the fishing industry of the Russian Far East (the 50s of the XVII century — the 20s of the XX century)), Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1994.

53. Mandrik, A.T., The history of the fishing industry of the Russian Far East (the 50s of the XVII century — the 30s of the XX century), Doctoral (Hist.) Dissertation, Vladivostok, 1998.

54. Mandrik, A.T., Istoriya rybnoy promyshlennosti rossiyskogo Dal’nego Vostoka, 1927–1940 gg. (The history of the fishing industry of the Russian Far East, 1927–1940), Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2000.

55. Mandrik, A.T., The overwhelming superiority of Japanese capital in the fishery of the Russian Far East (1923–1926), Rossiya i ATR, 2022, no. 1, pp. 119–130. doi 10.24412/1026-8804-2022-1-119-130

56. Mandrik, A.T., The role of Japanese capital in the development of fishing in the Russian Far East in the 20–30s of the XX century, in Vglyadyvayas’ v proshloye. Dal’nevostochnoye obshchestvo v 1917–40-ye gody XX v. (Looking into the past. The Far Eastern Society in the 1917–40-ies of the XX century), Vladivostok: Dal’nevost. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2002, pp. 142–146.

57. Maryasova, N.V., Inostrannyy kapital na Dal’nem Vostoke Rossii v 20–30-ye gg. (kontsessii i kontsessionnaya politika Sovetskogo gosudarstva) (Foreign capital in the Russian Far East in the 20–30s: concessions and the concession policy of the Soviet State), Vladivostok, 2000.

58. Nagornov, A.A., Kovalenko, M.N., and Adamov, A.A., Modern state of trap-net fishing of Pacific salmon in Kamchatka, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchatki Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2016, no. 40, pp. 32–41. doi 10.15853/2072-8212.2016.40.32-41

59. Nagornov, A.A., Kovalenko, M.N., Adamov, A.A., and Soshin, A.V., Results of the use of various fishing gears during Pacific salmon fishery campaign in Kamchatka Region in 2017, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchatki Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2018, no. 49, pp. 85–99. doi 10.15853/2072-8212.2018.49.85-99

60. Report of the diplomatic agent of the NKID in Petropavlovsk in Kamchatka for 1944, Voprosy istorii rybnoy promyshlennosti Kamchatki, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatGTU, 2001, no. 4. http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/publikacii/questhist/ist-3.htm

61. Pestushko, Yu., “... Conduct business in accordance with the law”: the history of fishing in the Russian-Japanese relations (1907–1914), Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka, 2010, no. 6, pp. 146–162.

62. Potapova, N.V., Fishing industry on Sakhalin in 1855-1904: activities of Japanese and Rus- sian entrepreneurs, Nauchn. Tr. Dal’rybvtuza, 2023, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 14–29. doi 10.48612/dalryb- vtuz/2023-64-02 Prozorov, A.A., Ekonomicheskiy obzor Okhotsko-Kamchatskogo kraya (Economic review of the Okhotsk-Kamchatka territory), St. Petersburg: Tip. Sib. T-va Pech. i Izd. dela «Trud», 1902.

63. Radchenko, V.I., Pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum O. keta (Salmonidae, Salmoniformes) salmon stock and fishery conditions in places of their intensive hatchery propagation, Vopr. Rybolov., 2021, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 140–181. doi 10.36038/0234-2774-2021-22-4-140-181 Gaponenko, K.E., Rybatskaya letopis’ Sakhalina i Kuril (Fisherman’s Chronicle of Sakhalin and the Kuriles), Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalinskaya obl. tipografiya, 2011.

64. The fisheries of the Far East in 1912. Report of the head of fisheries P.A. Pushkov based on the materials of the Amur State Property Department edited by Assistant Manager B.A. Heineman, Materialy po izucheniyu Priamurskogo kraya, Khabarovsk: Tip. kants. priamur. general-gubernatora, 1913, no. 14.

65. Ryby Kuril’skikh ostrovov (Fishes of the Kuril Islands), Gritsenko, O.F., ed., Moscow: VNIRO,2012.

66. Sokolnikov, P.P., The Anadyr River, its fish and fisheries, Russkoye sudokhodstvo, 1911, no. 1, pp. 88–113.

67. Soldatov, V.K., Is artificial breeding of Pacific salmon necessary?, Byul. ryb. khoz-va, 1924, no. 4–5, pp. 19–21.

68. Suzuki, A., Japanese-Russian and Japanese-Soviet relations in the field of fisheries in the period before World War II, Voprosy istorii rybnoy promyshlennosti Kamchatki, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatGTU, 2001, no. 4. http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/publikacii/questhist/ist-2.htm

69. Temnykh, O.S., Asian pink salmon in the marine period of life: biology, spatial differentiation, place and role in pelagic communities, Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2004.

70. Vakhrin, S.I., Tragediya kamchatskogo berega (The tragedy of the Kamchatka coast), St. Petersburg: Svoye izdatel’stvo, 2017.

71. Shubkin, S.V. and Bugaev, A.V., Dynamics of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka stock of northeast Kamchatka in the XX — early XXI centuries, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchatki Sev.- Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2021, no. 62, pp. 5–25. doi 10.15853/2072-8212.2021.62.5-25

72. Shuntov, V.P., New data on marine life stage of Asian pink salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno- Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1994, vol. 116, pp. 3–41.

73. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Tikhookeanskie lososi v morskikh i okeanicheskikh ekosis- temakh (Pacific Salmon in Marine and Ocean Ecosystems), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2011, vol. 2. Ekonomicheskiye otnosheniya SSSR s zarubezhnymi stranami. 1917–1967 (Economic relations of the USSR with foreign countries: 1917–1967), edited by A.P. Zatsarinsky, Moscow: International Relations, 1967.

74. Hiroi, O., Historical trends of salmon fisheries and stock conditions in Japan, NPAFC Bull., 1998, no. 1, pp. 23–27.

75. Kaeriyama, M., Hatchery programmes and stock management of salmonid populations in Japan, in Stock enhancement and sea ranching, Howell, B.R., Moksness, E., Svasand T., eds, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1999, pp. 153–167.

76. Kimie, H., Japanese-Soviet / Russian relations since 1945: a difficult peace, L. ; N.Y.: Rout-ledge, 1998.

77. Kitada, S., Japanese chum salmon stock enhancement: current perspective and future challenges, Fish. Sci., 2014, vol. 80, pp. 237–249. doi 10.1007/s12562-013-0692-8

78. Kondo, H., Hirano, Y., Nakayama, V., and Miyake, M., Offshore distribution and migration of pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) based on tagging studies (1958–1961), Intern. North Pacif. Fish. Comiss. Bull., 1965, no. 17.

79. Morita, K., Morita, S.H., and Fukuwaka, M., Population dynamics of Japanese pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): are recent increases explained by hatchery programs or climatic variations?, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2006, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 55–62.

80. Morita, K., Saito, T., Miyakoshi, Y., Fukuwaka, M., Nagasawa, T., and Kaeriyama, M., A review of Pacific salmon hatchery programmes on Hokkaido Island, Japan, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 2006, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1353–1363. doi 10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.024

81. Nagata, M. and Kaeriyama, M., Chapter 9. Salmonid status and conservation in Japan, Pro- ceedings from the World Summit on Salmon, edited by Gallaugher P. and Wood, L., 2004, pp. 89–97.

82. Naish, K.A., Taylor, J.E., Levin, P.S., Quinn, T.P., Winton, J.R., Huppert, D., and Hilborn, R., An Evaluation of the Effects of Conservation and Fishery Enhancement Hatcheries on Wild Populations of Salmon Advances, Adv. Mar. Biol., 2007, vol. 53, pp. 61–194. doi 10.1016/S0065-2881(07)53002-6

83. Saito, T., Hirabayashi, Y., Suzuki K., Watanabe, K., and Saito, H., Recent decline of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) abundance in Japan, N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull., 2016, no, 6, pp. 279–296. doi 10.23849/npafcb6/279.296

84. Rybolovnaya konventsiya mezhdu Soyuzom SSR i Yaponiyey: so vsemi otnosyashchimisya k ney materialami (The Fishing Convention between the USSR and Japan with all related materials), Moscow: Litizdat NKID, 1928.

85. Convention on the Basic Principles of Relations between the USSR and Japan dated January 20, 1925, Dokumenty vneshney politiki SSSR: 1 yanv.—31 dek. 1925 g. (Documents of the Foreign Policy of the USSR: January 1—December 31, 1925), Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1963, vol. 8, pp. 70–77.

86. Protocol between the USSR and Japan on the extension of the existing fishing regime for 1937 dated December 28, 1936, Dokumenty vneshney politiki SSSR: 1 yanv.—31 dek. 1936 g. (Documents of the USSR Foreign policy: January 1—December 31, 1936), Moscow: Politizdat, 1974, vol. 19, p. 690.

87. Vakhrin, S.I., (The Fishing chronicle of the peninsula. Kamchatka: 1896–2016), Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky, 2018.

88. Zilanov, V.K., Fishing samurai and the past with a ghostly future, 08.01.2025a. https://iarex.ru/articles/144050.html

89. Ulovy tikhookeanskikh lososey (1900–1986 gg.) (Pacific salmon catches (1900–1986)), Moscow: VNIRO, 1989.

90. Gondatti, N., Information about settlements in Anadyr, Zap. Priamur. Otd. Imperat. Rus. Geogr. O-va, Khabarovsk, 1897, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 71–110.

91. Lagunov, I.I., O rybolovstve yapontsev na severnykh Kuril’skikh ostrovakh (otchet o poyezdke) (About Japanese fishing in the northern Kuril Islands (trip report)), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Kam- chatNIRO Archives), 1946.

92. Kanevets, D.A. and Kaganovsky, A.G., Kratkaya spravka o rybakh i rybnom promysle v vodakh Kuril’skikh ostrovov, yuzhnogo Sakhalina i Korei (Brief information about fish and fisheries in the waters of the Kuril Islands, South Sakhalin and Korea), Vladivostok (TINRO archive), 1945.

93. Makoedov, A.A. and Makoedov, A.N., Otsenka rybokhozyaystvennogo potentsiala ozerno- rechnoy sistemy Bettobu (o. Shumshu, severnyye Kuril’skiye ostrova) (Assessment of the fisheries potential of the Bettobu lake and river system (Shumshu Island, Northern Kuril Islands)), Yuzhno- Sakhalinsk: SakhNIRO (in print).

94. Antonenko, S.P., Kray moy lyubimyy, Kurily...: zapiski krayeveda (My beloved region, the Kuril Islands...: notes of a local historian), Kaliningrad: Yantarny skaz, 2004.

95. Soglasheniye mezhdu Pravitel’stvom SSSR i Pravitel’stvom Yaponii o vzaimnykh otnosheniyakh v oblasti rybolovstva u poberezh’ya obeikh stran ot 7 dekabrya 1984 g. (Agreement between the Government of the USSR and the Government of Japan on mutual relations in the field of fisheries off the coast of both countries, December 7, 1984).

96. Soglasheniye mezhdu Pravitel’stvom SSSR i Pravitel’stvom Yaponii o sotrudnichestve v oblasti rybnogo khozyaystva ot 12 maya 1985 g. (Agreement between the Government of the USSR and the Government of Japan on cooperation in the field of fisheries, May 12, 1985).