Preview

Izvestiya TINRO

Advanced search

Long-term dynamics for some biological parameters of pink salmon rom Asiatic herds

https://doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2025-205-596-624

EDN: MXDZOU

Abstract

Relationships of year-to-year dynamics are analyzed between the body size of pink salmon and their regional and total abundance and between the size of juveniles and the size of returned adults. The dependencies are estimated for odd and even year-classes, separately, and for different periods of years. The body size variations relate closer with changes of regional abundance than with changes of total abundance for pink salmon from almost all  regional herds except those reproduced in East Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Variations of the body size correlate well between the juveniles and adults returning for spawning for the herds from East and West Kamchatka (both for odd and even year-classes) and East Sakhalin (for high abundance odd years-classes). Sustainability of some size-weight features formed in the early period of life during the further stages of feeding and spawning migration is assumed for pink salmon.

About the Authors

S. V. Naydenko
Pacific branch of VNIRO (TINRO)
Russian Federation

Svetlana V. Naydenko, D.Biol., principal researcher

4, Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, 690091



A. N. Starovoitov
Pacific branch of VNIRO (TINRO)
Russian Federation

Aleksandr N. Starovoitov, Ph.D., chief specialist

4, Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, 690091



References

1. Andriyevskaya, L.D., On the food relationships of the Pacific salmon in the sea, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1966, vol. 6, no. 1(38), pp. 84–90.

2. Atlas rasprostraneniya v more razlichnykh stad tikhookeanskikh lososey v period vesenneletnego nagula i prednerestovykh migratsiy (Atlas of the distribution in the sea of various herds of Pacific salmon during the spring-summer feeding and pre-spawning migrations), Gritsenko, O.F., ed., Moscow: VNIRO, 2002.

3. Birman, I.B., Morskoi period zhizni i voprosy dinamiki stada tikhookeanskikh lososei (The Marine Life History and the Issues of Dynamics of the Pacific Salmon Stock), Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1985.

4. Bugaev, А.V., Evaluation of contributions of stock abundance and global temperature anomaly to mean body weight of pacific salmons in the North Pacific basin, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2017, vol. 191, pp. 3–33. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2017-191-3-33.

5. Vedensky, A.P., The age of pink salmon and patterns of fluctuations in its abundance, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1954, vol. 41, pp. 111–195.

6. Volkov, A.F., Elementary trophic ecology of pacific salmons in the Bering Sea. Species and regional differences. Provision with food in different environments, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2016, vol. 187, pp. 162–186. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2016-187-162-186.

7. Volobuyev, V.V. and Volobuyev, M.V., Ecology and population structure as principal elements of the formation of the life strategy of Oncorhynchus keta on the continental coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, J. Ichthyol., 2000, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 443–456.

8. Gavrilov, G.M. and Pushkareva, N.F., Stock dynamics of pink salmon in Primore, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1996, vol. 119, pp. 178–193.

9. Gorokhov, M.N., Biology, stock status and fishing of Pacific salmon in the Magadan region in the 21st century, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow: VNIRO, 2022.

10. Gritsenko, O.F., Prokhodnye ryby ostrova Sakhalin (sistematika, ekologiya, promysel) (Diadromous Fishes of Sakhalin (Systematics, Ecology, Fisheries)), Moscow: VNIRO, 2002.

11. Dederer, N.A., Shevlyakov, E.A., and Naydenko, S.V., Thermal regime of coastal waters and possible mechanisms of formation for strong year-classes of West Kamchatka pink salmon Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2024, vol. 204, no. 4, pp. 745–763. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2024-204-745-763. EDN: XUCDWA.

12. Dulepova, E.P., Fingerlings of Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and O. keta in the trophical structure of the epipelagial zone of the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1998, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 633–640.

13. Dulepova, E.P., Sravnitel’naya bioproduktivnost’ makroekosistem dal’nevostochnykh morei (Comparative Bioproductivity of Macroecosystems in Far Eastern Seas), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2002.

14. Yeniutina, R.I., The Amur humpback salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1972, vol. 77, pp. 3–126.

15. Erokhin, V.G., Biology of juvenile Pacific salmon in the Kamchatka waters of the Sea of

16. Okhotsk, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2002.

17. Efanov, V.N. and Chupakhin, V.M., Dynamics of some indicators of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) from Iturup Island (Kuril Islands), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1982, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 54–61.

18. Zavolokin, A.V., Food availability for Pacific salmon during the period of feeding in sea and ocean, Extended Abstract of Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2014.

19. Zavolokin, A.V., Zavolokina, E.A., and Khokhlov, Yu.N., Dynamics of body size and growth rate of Anadyr chum salmon in 1962–2007, in Byull. N 3 realizatsii “Kontseptsii dal’nevostochnoi basseinovoi programmy izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei” (Bull. no. 3 Implementation “Concept of the Far Eastern Basin Program for the Study of Pacific Salmon”), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2008, pp. 79–82.

20. Zavolokin, A.V., Kulik, V.V., Glebov, I.I., Dubovets, E.N., and Khokhlov, Y.N., Dynamics of body size, age, and annual growth rate of anadyr chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in 1962–2010, J. Ichthyol., 2012, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 207–225. doi 10.1134/S0032945212010122.

21. Zolotukhin, S.F., Kaplanova, N.F., Chernienko, I.S., Kanzeparova, A.N., and Kozlova T.V., Size at maturity for the Amur River pink salmon in different hydrological periods, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2008, vol. 154, pp. 46–57.

22. Ivankov, V.N., Causes of periodic and annual fluctuations in abundance and changes in biological characteristics of pink salmon in the South Kuril Islands, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1984, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 895–906.

23. Kaganovsky, A.G., Some questions of biology and population dynamics of pink salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1949, vol. 31, pp. 3−57.

24. Kaev, A.M., Osobennosti vosproizvodstva kety v svyazi s yeyo razmerno-vozrastnoy strukturoi (Features of Reproduction of Chum Salmon in Relationship with Its Size and Age Structure), YuzhnoSakhalinsk: SakhNIRO, 2003.

25. Kaev, A.M., Features of fishery and indices of reproduction for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha of Iturup Island (Kuril Islands), Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2022, vol. 202, no. 1, pp. 71−91. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2022-202-71-91.

26. Kaev, A.M., Retrospective analysis of growth of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha from scales: interannual variability, J. Ichthyol., 2015, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 707–722. doi 10.1134/S0032945215050070.

27. Kaev, A.M., A decrease in the pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) abundance in the Sakhalin-Kuril region under the effects of extreme environmental factors, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2018, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 540–548. doi 10.1134/S1063074018070039.

28. Kaev, A.M., Romasenko, L.V., and Kaev, D.A., Study of the linear growth rate of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Salmonidae) by scales, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 2023, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 50–60. doi 10.31857/s004287522301006x.

29. Kaev, A.M., Samarsky, V.G., and Romasenko, L.V., Relationship between the timing of embryonic and larval development of pink salmon and downstream migration of its juveniles, Tr. Vseross. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2024, vol. 198, pp. 18–33.

30. Kaev, A.M. and Chupakhin, V.M., Dynamics of the school of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha of Iturap Island (the Kuril Islands), J. Ikhthyol., 2003, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 801–811.

31. Kaev, A.M. and Chupahin, V.M., Early sea period of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbusha and chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in Iturup Island, Tr. Sakhalin. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2002, vol. 4, pp. 116–132.

32. Kanzeparova, A.N., Features of biology and the current state of the stocks of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) on the northwestern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok, 2019.

33. Karpenko, V.I., Andrievskaya, L.D., and Koval’, M.V., Pitaniye i osobennosti rosta tikhookeanskikh lososei v morskikh vodakh (Feeding Habits and Pattern of Growth of Pacific Salmon in Marine Waters), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2013.

34. Karpenko, V.I., Andrievskaya, L.D., and Koval, M.V., The role of the trophic factor in the formation of production of Kamchatka Pacific salmon in sea waters, in Mater. Vseross. nauchn. konf. posvyashch. 80-letnemu yubileyu FGUP “KamchatNIRO” “Vodnye biologicheskie resursy severnoi chasti Tikhogo okeana: sostoyanie, monitoring, upravlenie” (Proc. All-Russ. Sci. Conf. Commem. 80th Aniv. FGUP KamchatNIRO “Aquatic Biological Resources of the Northern Pacific Ocean: Status, Monitoring, and Management”), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2012, pp. 165–175.

35. Kinas, N.M., Comparative characteristics of population parameters of even and odd generations of pink salmon of the Utka River (western coast) and the Khaylyulya River (eastern coast of Kamchatka), in Populyatsionnaya biologiya, genetika i sistematika gidrobiontov (Population biology, genetics and systematics of hydrobionts), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 287–294.

36. Koval, M.V. and Kolomeitsev, V.V., Features of hydrological conditions and feeding of juvenile salmon in the coastal waters of western Kamchatka in July 2011, in Byull. N 6 izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei na Dal’nem Vostoke (Bull. No. 6 Study of Pacific Salmon in the Far East), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2011, pp. 202–209.

37. Krykhtin, M.L. and Smirnov, A.G., On the relationship between the abundance and qualitative indicators of spawning stocks of Amur salmon, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1962, vol. 1, no. 22, pp. 29–41.

38. Lagunov, I.I., On the fishing of the Japanese in the northern Kuril Islands, in Voprosy istorii rybnoy promyshlennosti Kamchatki (Issues of the history of the fishing industry in Kamchatka), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatGTU, 2004, no. 7, pp. 124–136.

39. Marchenko, S.L., PInk salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) on the continental coast of the Okhotsk Sea. Communication 1. The spawners, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2022, vol. 202, no. 4, pp. 741–773. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2022-202-741-773.

40. Marchenko, S.L., Features of biology and population structure of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) from the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2004.

41. Naydenko, S.V., Implication of pacific salmon in trophic structure of the upper epipelagic layer in the western bering sea in summer-autumn of 2002–2006, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2007, vol. 151, pp. 214–239.

42. Naidenko, S.V., Trophodynamics of nekton communities of the upper epipelagic zone of the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the western Bering Sea, Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok, 2023.

43. Naydenko, S.V. and Temnykh, O.S., The survival of pacific salmon in the North Pacific in the winter and spring,Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2016, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 527–550. doi 10.1134/S1063074016070087.

44. Pushkareva, N.F., The state of stocks of Primorsky pink salmon and ways to increase its numbers, Tr. Vseross. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1975, vol. 106, pp. 106–113.

45. Radchenko, V.I., Kantakov, G.A., Shubin, A.O., Stominok, D.Yu., Fefilov, Yu.V., Malakhova,

46. Yu.A., and Dolgikh, M.G., Ichthyocenes and physical conditions of the upper epipelagic zone of the shelf of southeastern Sakhalin in the period after the downstream migration of juvenile salmon, Tr. Sakhalin. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2002, vol. 4, pp. 70–92.

47. Roslyi, Yu.S., Dinamika populyatsii i vosproizvodstvo tikhookeanskikh lososei v basseine Amura (Dynamics of Populations and Reproduction of Pacific Salmon in the Amur River Basin), Khabarovsk: Khabarovskoye Knizhnoye Izd., 2002.

48. Sviridov, V.V., Temnykh, O.S., Zavolotkin, A.V., Panchenko, E.A., and Putivkin, S.V., Interannual dynamics in Anadyr River chum salmon biological characteristics and scale parameters, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2004, vol. 139, pp. 61–77.

49. Semko, R.S., Stocks of West Kamchatka salmon and their commercial use, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1954, vol. 41, pp. 3–109.

50. Temnykh, O.S., Asian pink salmon in the marine period of life: biology, spatial differentiation, place and role in pelagic communities, Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2004.

51. Temnykh, O.S., Growth of primorsky pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha during periods of high and low abundance, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1999, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 219–223.

52. Temnykh, O.S., Glebov, I.I., Naydenko, S.V., Starovoytov, A.N., Efimkin, A.Ya., Sviridov, V.V., Rassadnikov, O.A., and Kuznetsova, N.A., Contemporary status of Pacific salmon in the pelagic communities of the Far Eastern Seas, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2004, vol. 137, pp. 28–44.

53. Temnykh, O.S., Golovanov, I.S., and Marchenko, S.L., Features of the pink salmon growth in relation with abundance of the Okhotsk Sea stock, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2002, vol. 130, pp. 893–903.

54. Temnykh, O.S., Melnikov, I.V., and Vaitukevich, D.V., Survey of pink salmon fingerlings in the Sea of Okhotsk and perspectives of the fishing season in 2002, Rybn. Khoz., 2002, no. 2, pp. 31–32.

55. Temnykh, O.S. and Kurenkova, E.V., Distinctive features of preanadromous and postcatadromous migrations of pink salmon in the western Bering Sea in 2002–2006, Izv. Tikhookean. NauchnoIssled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2007, vol. 151, pp. 96–114.

56. Temnykh, O.S., Starovoytov, A.N., Glebov, I.I., Merzlyakov, A.Yu., and Sviridov, V.V., Pacific salmon in the epipelagic fish communities of the south Okhotsk Sea, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2003, vol. 132, pp. 112–153.

57. Uglova, T.Yu., Biology, structure of spawning approaches and fisheries for pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Iturup (South Kuril Islands), Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow, 2020.

58. Khovanskaya, L.L., Water temperature influence on growth and development of young pacific salmons at the salmon hatcheries of Magadan Region, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2007, vol. 150, pp. 328–351.

59. Chuchukalo, V.I., Pitanie i pishchevye otnosheniya nektona i nektobentosa v dal’nevostochnykh moryakh (Diet and Feeding Interactions among Nekton and Nektobenthos in the Far Eastern Seas), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2006.

60. Shevlyakov, E.A. and Dederer, N.A., The dynamics of the abundance and intrapopulation structure of pink salmon at the western and northeastern coasts of Kamchatka, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2022, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 555–568. doi 10.1134/s1063074022070124.

61. Shevlyakov, E.A., Dederer, N.A., Ostrovsky, V.I., and Khen, G.V., Thermal conditions in marine coastal waters as a favorable factor for formation of extremely strong year classes of Karaginsky Bay pink salmon, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2024, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 486–496. doi 10.1134/S106307402470041X.

62. Shevlyakov, E.A. and Ostrovsky, V.I., Century-long dynamics of stocks and average body weight of pacific salmon in the Russian Far East through the prism of climate cycles and trends, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2025, vol. 205, no. 2, pp. 199–222. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2025-205-199-222. EDN: BZQPIL.

63. Shevlyakov, E.A., Feldman, M.G., Erokhin, V.G., and Shubkin, S.V., The results of the fishing of Western Kamchatka pink salmon in 2018, the prospects for the further state of its stock and fishing, in Byull. N 13 izucheniya Tikhookeanskikh lososei na Dal’nem Vostoke (Bull. No. 13 for the Study of Pacific Salmon in the Far East), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2018, pp. 41–51.

64. Shuntov, V.P., Biologiya dal’nevostochnykh morei Rossii (Biology of the Far Eastern Seas of Russia), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2016, vol. 2.

65. Shuntov, V.P., Volvenko, I.V., Temnykh, O.S., Volkov, A.F., Zavolokin, A.V., Naydenko, S.V., and Dolganova, N.T., To substantiation of carrying capacity of the Far-Eastern Seas and Subarctic Pacific for pacific salmon pasturing. Report 1. Feeding grounds of pacific salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2010, vol. 160, pp. 149–184.

66. Shuntov, V.P., Temnykh, O.S., Naydenko, S.V., Zavolokin, A.V., Dolganova, N.T., Volkov, A.F., and Volvenko, I.V., To substantiation of carrying capacity of the Far-Eastern Seas and Subarctic Pacific for pacific salmon pasturing. Report 4. Effect of density-dependent interactions on pacific salmon food supply and role of the salmon in consumption of nekton’s forage base, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2010, vol. 161, pp. 25–52.

67. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Study of the ecology of pink salmon at different stages of the life cycle in connection with forecasting catches and managing its resources and fisheries, in Byull. N 5 realizatsii “Kontseptsii dal’nevostochnoi basseinovoi programmy izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei” (Bull. no. 5 Implementation “Concept of the Far Eastern Basin Program for the Study of Pacific Salmon”), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2010, pp. 226-242.

68. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Tikhookeanskie lososi v morskikh i okeanicheskikh ekosistemakh (Pacific Salmon in Marine and Ocean Ecosystems), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2008, vol. 1.

69. Shuntov, V.P. and Temnykh, O.S., Tikhookeanskie lososi v morskikh i okeanicheskikh ekosistemakh (Pacific Salmon in Marine and Ocean Ecosystems), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2011, vol. 2.

70. Bigler, B.S., Welch, D.W., and Helle, J.H., A review of size trends among North Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1996, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 455–465.

71. Chaddock, R.E., Principles and methods of statistics, Boston; New York; Chicago; San Francisko: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925. Clark, F.N., The weight-length relationship of the California Sardine (Sardina caerulea) at San Pedro, Fish. Bull., 1928, no. 12, pp. 5–59.

72. Helle, J.H., Martinson, E.C., Eggers, D.M., and Gritsenko, O., Influence of salmon abundance and ocean conditions on body size of Pacific salmon, NPAFC Bull., 2007, no. 4, pp. 289–298.

73. Ishida, Y., Ito, S., Kaeriyama, M., McKinnell, S., and Nagasawa, K., Resent changes in age and size of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the North Pacific Ocean and possible causes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1993, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 290–295. doi 10.1139/f93-033.

74. Kaeriyama, M., Dynamics of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, population released from Hokkaido, Japan, NPAFC Bull., 1998, no. 1, pp. 90–102.

75. Kaeriyama, M., Evolution of Carrying Capacity of Pacific Salmons in the North Pacific Ocean for Ecosystem-Based Sustainable Conservation Management, Bull. NPAFC Techn. Rep., 2003, no. 5, pp. 1–4.

76. Kanzeparova, A.N., Naydenko, S.V., Shevlyakov, V.A., Lysenko, A.V., Batanov, R.L., Bugaev, A.V., Kaev, A.M., Khovanskaya, L.L., and Kozlova, T.V., Biostatistical information on salmon catches, escapement and enhancement production in Russia in 2024, NPAFC Doc., 2025, no. 2226.

77. Ricker, W.E., Bilton, H.T., and Aro, K.V., Causes of the decrease in size of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), Tech. Rep. Fish. Mar. Serv. Can., 1978, no. 820.

78. Welch, D.W. and Morris, J.F.T., Evidence for Density-Depended Marine Growth in British Columbia Pink Salmon Population, NPAFC Doc., 1994, no. 97.


Review

For citations:


Naydenko S.V., Starovoitov A.N. Long-term dynamics for some biological parameters of pink salmon rom Asiatic herds. Izvestiya TINRO. 2025;205(4):596-624. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2025-205-596-624. EDN: MXDZOU

Views: 11


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 1606-9919 (Print)
ISSN 2658-5510 (Online)