Use of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens larvae in diets for cultivation of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in aquaculture (world-wide literature review)
https://doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2025-205-781-806
EDN: MOFTYX
Abstract
Cultivation of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is overviewed, data on this species yield in the world aquaculture are presented, and information from world-wide literature sources on using the larvae of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens in feed rations for this shrimp species are summarized. Morphology and life cycle of H. illucens are considered briefly. Protein and fatty acid contents of the native and defatted larvae are investigated in details and effectiveness of insect larvae usage for feeding fish and invertebrates in aquaculture is concluded. In diets for growing and adult whiteleg shrimp, the fish meal can be replaced by the feeds produced from fatty and defatted H. illucens larvae in amounts from 5 to 100 % with positive effect on growth and physiological and morphological parameters of cultivated shrimps. The replacement of fish meal in 30 % is optimal for their growth and physiological development. The larval fat, three by-products of the larvae (exuviae, cocoons, imago), and compost of the wastes can be used for the shrimp feeding, as well.
Keywords
whiteleg shrimp,
Litopenaeus vannamei,
fly larva,
black soldier fly,
Hermetia illucens,
aquaculture,
rearing
Supporting agencies: The authors are grateful to anonymous reviewers for their interest to the study.
About the Authors
I. G. Shaikhiev
Kazan National Research Technological University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ildar G. Shaikhiev, D.Tech., professor
68, Karl Marx Str., 420015, Kazan
Z. T. Sanatullova
Kazan National Research Technological University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Zemfira T. Sanatullova, Ph.D., assistant professor
68, Karl Marx Str., 420015, Kazan
K. I. Shaikhieva
Kazan National Research Technological University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Karina I. Shaikhieva, Ph.D., assistant professor
68, Karl Marx Str., 420015, Kazan
S. V. Sverguzova
Belgorod State Technological University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Svetlana V. Sverguzova, D.Tech., professor
46, Kostyukov Str., 308012, Belgorod
References
1. Kovacheva, N.P., Borisov, R.R., Nikonova, I.N., Kryakhova, N.V., and Lebedev, R.O., White shrimp Penaeusvannamei, Penaeidae, Decapoda cultivation in closed recycling water system: the first experience of the species’ experimental cultivation in Russia, Rybn. Khoz., 2018, no. 3, pp. 62–68.
2. Sverguzova, S.V., Shaikhiev, I.G., Sapronova, Zh.A., and Bomba, I.V., The Processing of Chicken Manure by the Larvae of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens): A Review, Ptitsevodstvo, 2021, no. 2, pp. 68–73. doi 10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-2-68-73
3. Sverguzova, S.V., Voronina, Yu.S., and Shaikhiev, I.G., Foreign experience in using insect biomass in rabbit feed rations, in Sb. dokl. Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. “Ratsional’noye ispol’zovaniye prirodnykh resursov i pererabotka tekhnogennogo syr’ya: fundamental’nyye problemy nauki, materialovedeniye, khimiya i biotekhnologiya” (Collection of reports of the International scientific conference “Rational use of natural resources and processing of technogenic raw materials: fundamental problems of science, materials science, chemistry, and biotechnology”), Belgorod: BGTU im. V.G. Shukhova, 2021, pp. 346–351.
4. Sverguzova, S.V., Shaikhiev, I.G., Pendyurin, E.A., Sapronova, J.A., and Bomba, I.V., The use of insect biomass in diets for ducks, turkeys, guinea fowl, quails, and partridges (a review), Ptitsevodstvo, 2021, no. 6, pp. 29–34. doi 10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-6-29-34
5. Sverguzova, S.V., Shaikhiev, I.G., and Voronina, Yu.S., Foreign experience in growing common sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in aquaculture using flour from larvae and pre-pupae of Black lily-of-the-valley, in Sb. dokl. Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. “Ratsional’noye ispol’zovaniye prirodnykh resursov i pererabotka tekhnogennogo syr’ya: fundamental’nyye problemy nauki, materialovedeniye, khimiya i biotekhnologiya” (Collection of reports of the International scientific conference “Rational use of natural resources and processing of technogenic raw materials: fundamental problems of science, materials science, chemistry, and biotechnology”), Belgorod: BGTU im. V.G. Shukhova, 2021, pp. 356–362.
6. Sverguzova, S.V., Shaikhiev, I.G., and Voronina, Yu.S., Cultivation of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) using flour from larvae and pre-pupae of the black ladybird, in Sb. dokl. Vseros. nauch. konf. “Bezopasnost’, zashchita i okhrana okruzhayushchey prirodnoy sredy: fundamental’nyye i prikladnyye issledovaniya” (Collection of Reports of the All-Russian Scientific Conference «Safety, Protection, and Conservation of the Natural Environment: Fundamental and Applied Research»), Belgorod: BGTU im. V.G. Shukhova, 2021, pp. 311–316.
7. Ushakova, N.A., Ponomarev, S.V., Fedorovykh, Yu.V., and Bastrakov, A.I., Using protein and chitin concentrate of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in omnivorous fish feeding: a case study of red tilapia, Izv. Ufimskogo nauchnogo tsentra Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2018, no. 3, pp. 57–62. doi 10.31040/2222-8349-2018-0-3-57-62
8. Shaykhiev, I.G., Sverguzova, S.V., Sapronova, Zh.A., Svyatchenko, A.V., and Ushakova, N.A., Using insect biomass for rainbow trout cultivation in aquaculture (foreign literature review), Vestnik Astrakh. Gos. Tekh. Univ., Ser. Rybnoye khozyaystvo, 2021, no. 1, pp. 69–81. doi 10.24143/2073-5529-2021-1-69-81
9. Shaikhiev, I.G., Sverguzova, S.V., Sapronova, Zh.A., and Voronina, Yu.S., Experience of tilapia cultivation in aquaculture using Hermetia illucens flies abroad (literature review), Sciences of Europe, 2021, no. 67–2, pp. 42–51. doi 10.24412/3162-2364-2021-67-2-42-51
10. Shaikhiev, I.G., Sverguzova, S.V., Sapronova, Zh.A., and Antyufeeva, E.S., Using food waste for the growing of Hermetia illucens fly larvae (brief review of foreign literature), Ekonomika stroitel’stva i prirodopol’zovaniya, 2020, no. 4(77), pp. 17–30. doi 10.37279/2519-4453-2020-4-17-30
11. Shaikhiev, I., Sverguzova, S., and Sapronova, Zh., Use offly larvae Hermetia illucens in feed diets for growing piglets and adult pigs, Sciences of Europe, 2020, vol. 59–2, pp. 12–19.
12. Shaikhiev, I.G., Sverguzova, S.V., Sapronova, Zh.A., and Danshina, E.P., Using intact and minced Hermetia illucens larvae as a fodder in aquaculture (review of foreign literature), Rybn. Khoz., 2020, no. 5, pp. 86–92. doi 10.37663/0131-6184-2020-5-86-92
13. Abd El-Hack, M.E., Shafi, M.E., Alghamdi, W.Y., Abdelnour, S.A., Shehata, A.M., Noreldin, A.E., Ashour, E.A., Swelum, A.A., Al-Sagan, A.A., Alkhateeb, M., Taha, A.E., Abdel- Moneim, A.-M.E., Tufarelli, V., and Ragni M., Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal as a promising feed ingredient for poultry: A comprehensive review, Agriculture, 2020, vol. 10, no. 8, art. ID 339. doi 10.3390/agriculture10080339
14. Ahmed, I., İnal, F., Riaz, R., Ahsan, U., Kuter, E., and Ali, U., A review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a potential alternative protein source in broiler diets, Annals of Animal Science, 2023, vol. 23, no. 4. doi 10.2478/aoas-2022-0094
15. Alam, S.N.M., Portraying the Bangladesh shrimp industry: A SWOT analysis, Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, no. 3, art. ID 1290. doi 10.3390/su16031290
16. Amaya, E., Davis, D.A., and Rouse, D.B., Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Aquaculture, 2007, vol. 262, no. 2, pp. 419–425. doi 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.001
17. Amrul, N.F., Ahmad, I.K., Basri, N.E.A., Suja, F., Jalil, N.A.A., and Azman, N.A., A review of organic waste treatment using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, no. 8, art. ID 4565. doi 10.3390/su14084565
18. Barragan-Fonseca, K.B., Dicke, M., and van Loon, J.J., Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed — a review, Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2017, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 105–120. doi 10.3920/JIFF2016.0055
19. Barth, A., Stelbrink, B., Klüber, P., Schubert, P., Bendag, S., and Wilke, T., Broad acceptance of sustainable insect-based shrimp feeds requires reproducible and comparable research, Aquaculture International, 2025, vol. 33, no. 2, art. ID 101, pp. 1–24. doi 10.1007/s10499-024-01769-w
20. Boaru, A., Antal Vigh, A., Ladoşi, D., Struţi, D., Păpuc, T., and Georgescu, B., Studies regarding the fertilizing capacity of poultry manure biocomposted by fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), AAB Bioflux, 2018, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 114–121.
21. Candela-Maldonado, Y., Megder, I., Tefal, E., Peñaranda, D.S., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Jover-Cerdá, M., and Jauralde, I., Four organic protein source alternatives to fish meal for pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) feeding, Fishes, 2025, vol. 10, no. 8, art. ID 384. doi 10.3390/fishes10080384
22. Chang, T., Lin, H., Han, F., Xu, C., and Li, E., Impact of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on health, muscle texture, and intestinal microbiota in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), Aquaculture, 2025, vol. 596, art. ID 741755. doi 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741755
23. Chen, Y., Chi, S., Zhang, S., Dong, X., Yang, Q., Liu, H., Tan, B., and Xie, S., Effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on lipid and glucose metabolism of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, British Journal of Nutrition, 2022, vol. 128, no. 9, pp. 1674–1688. doi 10.1017/S0007114521004670
24. Chen, Y., Chi, S., Zhang, S., Dong, X., Yang, Q., Liu, H., Tan, B., and Xie, S., Evaluation of the dietary Black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) on growth performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus of the pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021, vol. 8, art. ID 706463. doi 10.3389/fmars.2021.706463
25. Chen, Y., Mitra, A., Rahimnejad, S., Chi, S., Kumar, V., Tan, B., Niu, J., and Xie, S., Retrospect of fish meal substitution in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed: Alternatives, limitations and future prospects, Reviews in Aquaculture, 2024, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 382–409. doi 10.1111/raq.12843
26. Chen, Y., Zheng, C., Zhang, S., Chi, S., Dong, X., Yang, Q., Liu, H., Tan, B., and Xie, S., Dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performance, non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei, Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2023, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 269–278. doi 10.7541/2023.2022.0201 (in Chiness)
27. Chen, Y., Zhuang, Z., Liu, J., Wang, Z., Guo, Y., Chen, A., Chen, B., Zhao, W., and Niu, J., Effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) revealed by innate immunity and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 2023, vol. 46, art. ID 101080. doi 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101080
28. Cummins, Jr V.C., Rawles, S.D., Thompson, K.R., Velasquez, A., Kobayashi, Y., Hager, J., and Webster, C.D., Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Aquaculture, 2017, vol. 473, pp. 337–344. doi 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.02.022
29. Da Silva, G.D.P. and Hesselberg, T., A review of the use of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), to compost organic waste in tropical regions, Neotropical Entomology, 2020, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 151–162. doi 10.1007/s13744-019-00719-z
30. Dalmoro, Y.K., Franceschi, C.H., and Stefanello, C., A systematic review and metanalysis on the use of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor in diets for poultry, Veterinary Sciences, 2023, vol. 10, no. 12, art. ID 702, pp. 1–23. doi 10.3390/vetsci10120702
31. De Farias, A.B.S., Santana, T.M., Silva, V.F., Older, C.E., Conde, C.L., Romano, N., Gatlin, D.M., Gonçalves, L.U., and Yamamoto, F.Y., Dietary inclusion of frass from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae modulates gut microbiota without compromising the growth performance and health status of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2025, vol. 51, no. 4, art. ID 137. doi 10.1007/s10695-025-01552-5
32. Isibika, A., Vinnerás, B., Kibazohi, O., Zurbrügg, C., and Lalander, C., Pre-treatment of banana peel to improve composting by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, Waste Management, 2019, vol. 100, pp. 151–160. doi 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.017
33. Fawole, F.J., Adeoye, A.A., Tiamiyu, L.O., Ajalaa, K.I., Obadaraa, S.O., and Ganiyu, I.O., Substituting fishmeal with Hermetia illucens in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Effects on growth, nutrient utilization, haemato-physiological response, and oxidative stress biomarker, Aquaculture, 2020, vol. 518, art. ID 734849, pp. 1–7. doi 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734849
34. Fricke, E., Saborowski, R., and Slater, M.J., Utility of by products of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) production as feed ingredients for Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2024, vol. 55, no. 4, art. ID e13070, pp. 1–16. doi 10.1111/jwas.13070
35. Grassauer, F., Ferdous, J., and Pelletier, N., Manure valorization using black soldier fly larvae: a review of current systems, production characteristics, utilized feed substrates, and bioconversion and nitrogen conversion efficiencies, Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, no. 16, art. ID 12177, pp. 1–20. doi 10.3390/su151612177
36. He, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, N., Wang, S., Wang, A., Zuo, R., and Jiang, Y., Replacement of commercial feed with fresh black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Aquaculture Nutrition, 2022, no. 1, art. ID 9130400, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2022/9130400
37. He, Y., Zhang, N., Wang, A., Wang, S., Che, Y., Huang, S., Yi, Q., Ma, Y., and Jiang, Y., Positive effects of replacing commercial feeds by fresh black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in the diets of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Immune enzyme, water quality, and intestinal microbiota, Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022, vol. 9, art. ID 987363, pp. 1–15. doi 10.3389/fmars.2022.987363
38. He, Y., Peng, H., Jin, M., Wang, J., Li, S., Li, M., Zhu, T., Zhang, L., Chen, X., and Zhou, Q., Application evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil in shrimp feed: Effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism, Aquaculture Reports, 2024, vol. 36, art. ID 102174. doi 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102174
39. Herawati, V.E., Elfitasari, T., Darmanto, Y.S., Anggraeni, N., and Windarto, S., Effect of different ratios of maggot meal (Hermetia illucens) on growth performance and body composition of vannamei shrimp (Litopennaeus vannamei) post larvae, Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 2023, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 768–779.
40. Herawati, V.E., Susilo, A., Pinandoyo, P., Hutabarat, J., Sugianto, D.N., Wirasatriya, A., and Karnaradjasa, O., Optimization of fish meal substitution with maggot meal (Hermetia illucens) for growth and feed utilization efficiency of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 284–297. doi 10.1051/bioconf/20237401024
41. Herawati, W.E., Windarto, S., Anggraeni, N., and Arfan, M., Optimal dietary maggot oil for juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Growth performance, feed utilization, and nutritional quality, Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 2024, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 61–71.
42. Hidayat, N., Anggarini, S., Sunyoto, N.M.S., Fitri, L.E., Suhartini, S., Rohma, N.A., Elviliana, E., Setyawan, S.A.A., Subekti, I.F., Namira, A.A., Nafi’ah, R.W., Afifah, F.N., and Pratama, A.P.A., Bioconversion of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) on agricultural waste: Potential source of protein and lipid, the application (A mini-review), Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering, 2024, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 78–92. doi 10.21776/ub.afssaae.2024.007.01.8
43. Jucker, C., Erba, D., Leonardi, M.G., Lupi, D., Savoldelli, S., Assessment of vegetable and fruit substrates as potential rearing media for Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, Environmental Entomology, 2017, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1415–1423. doi 10.1093/ee/nvx154
44. Julita, U., Suryani, Y., Kinasih, I., Yuliawati, A., Cahyanto, T., Maryeti, Y., Permana, A., and Fitri, L., Growth performance and nutritional composition of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L), (Diptera : Stratiomyidae) reared on horse and sheep manure, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018, vol. 187, art. ID 012071. doi 10.1088/1755-1315/187/1/012071
45. Keetanon, A., Chuchird, N., Phansawat, P., Kitsanayanyong, L., Chou, C.-C., Verstraete, P., Ménard, R., Richards, C.S., Ducharne, F., and Rairat, T., Effects of black soldier fly larval meal on the growth performance, survival, immune responses, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Aquaculture International, 2024, vol. 32, pp. 2233–2248. doi 10.1007/s10499-023-01267-5
46. Ko, D., Lee, Y., Kim, S., Song, S., Kim, W., Kim, S., Hur, S.W., Kim, K.-W., and Lee, K.-J., Full-fat or defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as a fish meal replacer in diet for Penaeus vannamei, Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2025, preprint, pp. 1–17. doi 10.1163/23524588-bja10257
47. Lee, C. and Lee, K.J., Dietary protein requirement of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in three different growth stages, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2018, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–6. doi 10.1186/s41240-018-0105-0
48. Leeper, A., Benhaïm, D., Smárason, B.O., Knobloch, S., Òmarsson, K.L., Bonnafoux, T., Pipan, M., Koppe, W., Björnsdóttir, R., and Øverland, M., Feeding black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on organic rest streams alters gut characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2022, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1355–1372. doi 10.3920/JIFF2021.0105
49. Li, Q., Zheng, L., Qiu, N., Cai, H., Tomberlin, J.K., and Yu, Z., Bioconversion of dairy manure by black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar production, Waste Management, 2011, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1316–1320. doi 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.005
50. Li, X., Chen, Y., Zheng, C., Chi, S., Zhang, S., Tan, B., and Xie, S., Evaluation of six novel protein sources on apparent digestibility in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Aquaculture Nutrition, 2022, vol. 2022, art. ID 8225273, pp. 1–11. doi 10.1155/2022/8225273
51. Li, X., Yang, L., Jiang, S., Zhou, F., Jiang, S., Li, Y., Chen, X., Yang, Q., Duan, Y., and Huang, J., Effect of fly maggot protein as dietary on growth and intestinal microbial community of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Biology, 2023, vol. 12, no. 11, art. ID 1433, pp. 1–17. doi 10.3390/biology12111433
52. Ling, S.L.Y., Shafiee, M., Longworth, Z., Vatanparast, H., Tabatabaei, M., and Liew, H.J., Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as an alternative protein source in sustainable aquaculture production: A scoping review of its comprehensive impact on shrimp and prawn farming, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2025, vol. 319, no 6, art. ID 116174. doi 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116174
53. Liu, T., Klammsteiner, T., Dregulo, A.M., Kumar, V., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Z., and Awasthi, M.K., Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review, Science of the Total Environment, 2022, vol. 833, art. ID 155122. doi 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122
54. Liu, Y., Andin, V.C., Chor, W.K., Gunasekaran, B., Chong, Ch.M., Lee, Po.Ts., and Loh, J.Ya., A preliminary study on the effects of substituting fishmeal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval meal on Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles: Growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient composition, disease resistance, and economic returns, Journal of Fish Biology, 2024, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 1681–1693. doi 10.1111/jfb.15908
55. Lu, S., Taethaisong, N., Meethip, W., Surakhunthod, J., Sinpru, B., Sroichak, T., Archa, P., Thongpea, S., Paengkoum, S., Purba, R.A.P., and Paengkoum, P., Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) and its potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets: A review, Insects, 2022, vol. 13, no. 9, art. ID 831, pp. 1–17. doi 10.3390/insects13090831
56. Mohamad, A., Tan, C.K., Shah, N.N.A.K., Nayan, N., Ibrahim, A., Abdi, G., and Aadil, R.M., Insect protein: A pathway to sustainable protein supply chains, challenges, and prospects, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2025, vol. 19, art. ID 101678, pp. 1–10. doi 10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101678
57. Mohan, K., Rajan, D.K., Muralisankar, T., Abirami, R.G., Palanivel, S., and Revathi, N., Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal in aquafeeds for a sustainable aquaculture industry: A review of past and future needs, Aquaculture, 2022, vol. 553, art. ID 738095. doi 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738095
58. Nairuti, R.N., Musyoka, S.N., Yegon, M.J., and Opiyo, M.A., Utilization of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) larvae as a protein source for fish feed — a review, Aquaculture Studies, 2021, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1–12. doi 10.4194/AQUAST697
59. Novriadi, R., Davies, S., Triatmaja, K.I.K., Hermawan, M., Kontara, E.K.M., Tanaka, B., Rinaldy, A., and Nugroho, J.E., Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as an alternative to marine ingredients elicits superior growth performance and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2024, vol. 24, no. 1, TRJFAS24343. doi 10.4194/TRJFAS24343
60. N’Souvi, K., Sun, C., Che, B., and Vodounon, A., Shrimp industry in China: overview of the trends in the production, imports and exports during the last two decades, challenges, and outlook, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2024, vol. 7, art. ID 1287034. doi 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1287034
61. Nugroho, R.A. and Nur, F.M., Insect-based protein: future promising protein source for fish cultured, IOP Conferencies Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018, vol. 144, art. ID 012002. doi 10.1088/1755-1315/144/1/012002
62. Nunes, A.J.P., Yamamoto, H., Simões, J.P., Pisa, J.L., Miyamoto, N., and Leite, J.S., The Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal can fully replace fish meal in practical nursery diets for post-larval Penaeus vannamei under high-density culture, Fishes, 2023, vol. 8, art. ID 605, pp. 1–15. doi 10.3390/fishes8120605
63. Odeon, M.M., Fernández-Arhex, V., García-Falabella, B., Villar, L., Caballero, V., Hara, S., Cancino, A.K., and Villagra, E.S., Innovative protein sources for sustainable sheep farming: assesing Black soldier fly larvae meal in merino lamb diet, Small Ruminant Research, 2025, vol. 250, art. ID 107556. doi 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2025.107556
64. Oliveira, J.S., Ribeiro, C.D.F., de Souza, C.O., and Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., Mapping the use of insects in animal feed: scientific and technological data of Tenebrio molitor, Hermetia illucens, and Zophobas morio, Animal Production Science, 2025, vol. 65, no. 9, AN24415. doi 10.1071/AN24415
65. Oonincx, D.G.A.B., van Huis, A., and van Loon, J.J.A., Nutrient utilisation by black soldier flies fed with chicken, pig, or cow manure, Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2015, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131–139. doi 10.3920/JIFF2014.0023
66. Parra Paz, A.S., Carrejo, N.S., and Gómes Rodríguez, C.H., Effects of larval density and feeding rates on the bioconversion of vegetable waste using black soldier fly larvae Hermetia illucens (L.), (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Waste Biomass Valorisation, 2015, vol. 6, pp. 1059–1065. doi 10.1007/s12649-015-9418-8
67. Pastor, B., Velásquez, Y., Gobbi, P., and Rojo, S., Conversion of organic wastes into fly larval biomass: bottlenecks and challenges, Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2015, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 179–193. doi 10.3920/JIFF2014.0024
68. Pauly, D. and Zeller, D., Comments on FAOs state of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA 2016), Marine Policy, 2017, vol. 77, pp. 176–181. doi 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.006
69. Porto-Fragozo, P.L. and Rodríguez-Forero, A., Fuentes proteicas alternas como sustituto parcial a la harina de pescado en las formulaciones nutricionales del cultivo de camarón (Penaeus vannamei), Orinoquia, 2023, vol. 27, no. 2, e-767. doi 10.22579/20112629.767 (in Spain)
70. Raghuvaran, N., Varghese, T., Jana, P., Brighty, R.J.A., Sethupathy, A.M., S., S., Alrashdi, Y.B.A., Ibrahim, A.E., and Deeb, S.E., Current status and global research trend patterns of insect meal in aquaculture from scientometric perspective: (2013–2022), Aquaculture Nutrition, 2024, art. ID 5466604. doi 10.1155/2024/5466604
71. Rahman, R., Laconi, E.B., Jayanegara, A., and Astuti, D.A., Effect of dietary black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) and bioconversion product of cocoa pod husk on performance and hematological profile of sheep, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, vol. 1098, no. 6, art. ID 062058. doi 10.1088/1757-899X/1098/6/062058
72. Rajalakshmi, K., Felix, N., Ranjan, A., Ishfaq, M., and Sathishkumar, G., Exploring sustainable animal protein sources for shrimp aquaculture in India, in Sustainable Feed Ingredients and Additives for Aquaculture Farming. Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa, Springer, Singapore, 2024, pp. 187–214. doi 10.1007/978-981-97-4279-0_9
73. Rajalakshmi, K., Nathan, F., Ranjan, A., Arumugam, U., and Sathishkumar., G., Physiological, immunological and nutritional assessment of Penaeus vannamei fed with different combinations of novel feed ingredients, Annals of Animal Science, 2025, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1087–1100. doi 10.2478/aoas-2025-0006
74. Ritika, P. and Rajendra, S.S.P., Study on occurrence of black soldier fly larvae in composting of kitchen waste, International Journal of Research in Biosciences, 2015, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 38–45.
75. Rizal, M., Astuti, D.A., and Fahmi, M.R., Evaluation of BSF larva meal and oil as white shrimp feed on growth performance, body composition, and health response, Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2024, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 193–201. doi 10.22146/jfs.97636
76. Röthig, T., Barth, A., Tschirner, M., Schubert, P., Wenning, M., Billion, A., Wilke, T., and Vilcinskas, A., Insect feed in sustainable crustacean aquaculture, Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2023, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1115–1138. doi 10.3920/JIFF2022.0117
77. Saputra, I. and Lee, Y.N., Nutrition composition of commercial full-fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) as a potential protein resource for aquafeeds, Biodiversitas, 2023, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 4877–4884. doi 10.13057/biodiv/d240930
78. Shah, S.R.A. and Çetingül, İ.S., Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as an ecological, immune booster and economical feedstuff for aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 2022, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 52–62. doi 10.33714/masteb.1041493
79. Shin, J. and Lee, K.J., Digestibility of insect meals for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and their performance for growth, feed utilization and immune responses, PloS One, 2021, vol. 16, no. 11, art. ID e0260305, pp. 1–16. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0260305.
80. Siddiqui, S.A., Gadge, A.S., Hasan, M., Rahayu, T., Povetkin, S.N., Fernando, I., and Castro-Muñoz, R., Future opportunities for products derived from black soldier fly (BSF) treatment as animal feed and fertilizer — A systematic review, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2024, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 30273–30354. doi 10.1007/s10668-024-04673-8
81. Singh, A. and Kumari, K., An inclusive approach for organic waste treatment and valorisation using Black soldier fly larvae: A review, Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, vol. 251, art. ID 109569. doi 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109569
82. Sookying, D. and Davis, D.A., Pond production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed high levels of soybean meal in various combinations, Aquaculture, 2011, vol. 319, no. 1–2, pp. 141–149. doi 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.049
83. Stadtlander, T., Deininger, K., Sandrock, C., Schindler, F., Wecker, B., Wohlfahrt, J., Lemme, A., and Lambertz, C., Larven-Mehl der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) eignet sich für die Fütterung der Weißbeingarnele (Penaeus vannamei) unter Praxisbedingungen in einer modernen Kreislaufanlage, Ernährungs Umschau, 2025, vol. 72, no. 8, AP. 44–52. doi 10.4455/eu.2025.034 (in Deutch)
84. Sverguzova, S.V., Shaikhiev, I.H., Sapronova, Z.A., Fomina, E.V., and Makridinа, Yu.L., Use of fly larvae Hermetia illucens in poultry feeding: a review paper, Journal of Water and Land Development, 2021, vol. 49, pp. 95–103. doi 10.24425/jwld.2021.137101
85. Tacon, A.G.J., Cody, J.J., Conquest, L.D., Divakaran, S., Forster, I.P., and Decamp, O.E., Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets, Aquaculture Nutrition, 2002, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 121–137. doi 10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00199.x
86. Tran, G., Heuzé, V., and Makkar, H., Insects in fish diets, Animal Frontiers, 2015, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 37–44. doi 10.2527/af.2015-0018
87. Usman, Fahrur, M., Kamaruddin, Asaad, A.I.J., and Fahmi, M.R., The utilization of black soldier fly larvae meal as a substitution of fish meal in diet for white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, grow-out, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021, vol. 860, no. 1, art. ID 012023, pp. 1–10. doi 10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012023
88. Veldkamp, T., van Rozen, K., Elissen, H., van Wikselaar, P., and van der Weide, R., Bioconversion of digestate, pig manure and vegetal residue-based waste operated by black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Animals, 2021, vol. 11, no. 11, art. ID 3082, pp. 1–10. doi 10.3390/ani11113082
89. Wang, G., Peng, K., Hu, J., Mo, W., Wei, Z., and Huang, Y., Evaluation of defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal for Litopenaeus vannamei: effects on growth performance, nutrition retention, antioxidant and immune response, digestive enzyme activity and hepatic morphology, Aquaculture Nutrition, 2021, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 986–997. doi 10.1111/anu.13240
90. Wang, Y.S. and Shelomi, M., Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food, Foods, 2017, vol. 6, no. 10, art. ID 91, pp. 1–23. doi 10.3390/foods6100091
91. Xiao, X., Jin, P., Zheng, L., Cai, M., Yu, Z., Yu, J., and Zhang, J., Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal protein as a fishmeal replacement on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), Aquaculture Research, 2018, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1569–1577. doi 10.1111/are.13611
92. Xiao, X., Mazza, L., Yu, Y., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Tomberlin, J.K., Yu, J., van Huis, A., Yu, Z., Fasulo, S., and Zhang, J., Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer by Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria, Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, vol. 217, pp. 668–676. doi 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.122
93. Yildirim-Aksoy, M., Eljack, R., Beck, B.H., and Peatman, E., Nutritional evaluation of frass from black soldier fly larvae as potential feed ingredient for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Aquaculture Reports, 2022, vol. 27, art. ID 101353, pp. 1–8. doi 10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101353
94. Zheng, J.Y., Gan, Z.R., Huang, T.Y., Xiao, Y., Xu, W.Y., Li, X.Q., and Leng, X.J., Replacement of fish meal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in diet of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): growth, flesh quality and transcriptome, Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2024, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 873–893. doi 10.1163/23524588-00001235
95. Zou, X., Liu, M., Li, X., Pan, F., Wu, X., Fang, X., Zhou, F., Peng, W., and Tian, W., Applications of insect nutrition resources in animal production, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2024, vol. 15, art. ID 100966. doi 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100966
96. Zheng, L., Li, Q., Zhang, J., and Ziniu, Y., Double the biodiesel yield: Rearing black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, on solid residual fraction of restaurant waste after grease extraction for biodiesel production, Renewable Energy, 2012, vol. 41, pp. 75–79. doi 10.1016/j.renene.2011.10.004
Review
For citations:
Shaikhiev I.G., Sanatullova Z.T., Shaikhieva K.I., Sverguzova S.V. Use of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens larvae in diets for cultivation of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in aquaculture (world-wide literature review). Izvestiya TINRO. 2025;205(4):781-806. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2025-205-781-806. EDN: MOFTYX
Views:
13
Email this article 