Использование личинок черной львинки Hermetia illucens в рационах для культивирования белоногих креветок Litopenaeus vannamei в аквакультуре (обзор мировой литературы)

Обобщены материалы мировых литературных источников по использованию личинок мухи черная львинка Hermetia illucens в составе кормов для выращивания в аквакультуре белоногих креветок Litopenaeus vannamei. Приведены данные мирового опыта по разведению белоногих креветок в аквакультуре. Кратко изложена информация по морфологии и жизненному циклу H. illucens. Показано содержание белка и жирных кислот в составе нативных и обезжиренных личинок черной львинки. Выявлено, что мука из личинок черной львинки является эффективной кормовой добавкой для различных животных и рыб в аквакультуре. Описаны результаты разных литературных источников по замене рыбной муки мукой из жирных и обезжиренных личинок H. illucens на 5–100 % в рационах для выращивания молоди и взрослых особей креветок. Показано влияние замены рыбной муки личиночной мукой на ростовые, весовые, физиологические и морфологические показатели развития белоногих креветок. Выявлено, что наиболее оптимальным для развития креветок является замена рыбной муки мукой из креветок до 30 %. Описаны варианты использования личиночного жира, трех побочных продуктов, образующихся при производстве личинок черной львинки (экзувии, коконы, имаго), а также компоста в составе кормов для культивирования креветок.

1. Ковачева Н.П., Борисов Р.Р., Никонова И.Н. и др. Выращивание белоногой креветки (Penaeus vannamei, Penaeidae, Decapoda) в рециркуляционных установках: первый опыт экспериментального культивирования вида в России // Рыб. хоз-во. — 2018. — № 3. — С. 62–68.

2. Свергузова С.В., Шайхиев И.Г., Сапронова Ж.А., Бомба И.В. Переработка куриного помета с использованием личинок черной львинки (Hermetia illucens): обзор // Птицеводство. — 2021а. — № 2. — С. 68–73. DOI: 10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-2-68-73.

3. Свергузова С.В., Воронина Ю.С., Шайхиев И.Г. Зарубежный опыт использования биомассы насекомых в рационах кормов для выращивания кроликов // Рациональное использование природных ресурсов и переработка техногенного сырья: фундаментальные проблемы науки, материаловедение, химия и биотехнология : сб. докл. Междунар. науч. конф. — Белгород : БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова, 2021б. — С. 346–351.

4. Свергузова С.В., Шайхиев И.Г., Пендюрин Е.А. и др. Выращивание уток, индеек, цесарок, перепелов и куропаток с использованием биомассы насекомых (обзор литературы) // Птицеводство. — 2021в. — № 6. — С. 29–34. DOI: 10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-6-29-34.

5. Свергузова С.В., Шайхиев И.Г., Воронина Ю.С. Зарубежный опыт выращивания обыкновенного лаврака (Dicentrarchus labrax) в аквакультуре с использованием муки из личинок и предкуколок черной львинки // Рациональное использование природных ресурсов и переработка техногенного сырья: фундаментальные проблемы науки, материаловедение, хи- мия и биотехнология : сб. докл. Междунар. науч. конф. — Белгород : БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова, 2021г. — С. 356–362.

6. Свергузова С.В., Шайхиев И.Г., Воронина Ю.С. Выращивание осетра сибирского (Acipenser baerii) с использованием муки из личинок и предкуколок черной львинки // Безопасность, защита и охрана окружающей природной среды: фундаментальные и прикладные исследования : сб. докл. Всерос. науч. конф. — Белгород : БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова, 2021д. — С. 311–316.

7. Ушакова Н.А., Пономарев С.В., Федоровых Ю.В., Бастраков А.И. Использование протеин-хитинового концентрата личинок черной львинки Hermetia illucens в рационе всеядных рыб на примере красной тиляпии // Изв. Уфимского научного центра РАН. — 2018. — № 3. — С. 57–62. DOI: 10.31040/2222-8349-2018-0-3-57-62.

8. Шайхиев И.Г., Свергузова С.В., Сапронова Ж.А. и др. Использование биомассы насекомых для выращивания радужной форели в аквакультуре (краткий обзор зарубежной литературы) // Вестн. АГТУ. Сер.: Рыбное хозяйство. — 2021а. — № 1. — С. 69–81. DOI: 10.24143/2073-5529-2021-1-69-81.

9. Шайхиев И.Г., Свергузова С.В., Сапронова Ж.А., Воронина Ю.С. Опыт выращивания тиляпий в аквакультуре с использованием личинок мухи Hermetia illucens за рубежом (обзор литературы) // Sciences of Europe. — 2021б. — Vol. 67–2. — С. 42–51. DOI: 10.24412/3162-2364-2021-67-2-42-51.

10. Шайхиев И.Г., Свергузова С.В., Сапронова Ж.А., Антюфеева Е.С. Использование пищевых отходов для выращивания личинок мухи Hermetia illucens (краткий обзор зарубежной литературы) // Экономика строительства и природопользования. — 2020а. — № 4(77). — С. 17–30. DOI: 10.37279/2519-4453-2020-4-17-30.

11. Шайхиев И.Г., Свергузова С.В., Сапронова Ж.А. Использование личинок мухи Hermetia illucens в рационах кормов для выращивания поросят и взрослых свиней // Sciences of Europe. — 2020б. — Vol. 59–2. — P. 12–19.

12. Шайхиев И.Г., Свергузова С.В., Сапронова Ж.А., Даньшина Е.П. Использование биомассы личинок Hermetia illucens для выращивания рыб в аквакультуре (обзор зарубежной литературы) // Рыб. хоз-во. — 2020в. — № 5. — С. 86–92. DOI: 10.37663/0131-6184- 2020-5-86-92.

13. Abd El-Hack M.E., Shafi M.E., Alghamdi W.Y. et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal as a promising feed ingredient for poultry: A comprehensive review // Agriculture. — 2020. — Vol. 10, № 8. — Article 339. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture10080339.

14. Ahmed I., İnal F., Riaz R. et al. A review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a potential alternative protein source in broiler diets // Annals of Animal Science. — 2023. — Vol. 23, № 4. DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0094.

15. Alam S.N.M. Portraying the Bangladesh shrimp industry: A SWOT analysis // Sustainability. — 2024. — Vol. 16, № 3. — Article 1290. DOI: 10.3390/su16031290.

16. Amaya E., Davis D.A., Rouse D.B. Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei // Aquaculture. — 2007. — Vol. 262, № 2. — P. 419–425. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture. 2006.11.001.

17. Amrul N.F., Ahmad I.K., Basri N.E.A. et al. A review of organic waste treatment using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) // Sustainability. — 2022. — Vol. 14, № 8. — Article 4565. DOI: 10.3390/su14084565.

18. Barragan-Fonseca K.B., Dicke M., van Loon J.J. Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed — a review // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2017. — Vol. 3, № 2. — P. 105–120. DOI: 10.3920/JIFF2016.0055.

19. Barth A., Stelbrink B., Klüber P. et al. Broad acceptance of sustainable insect-based shrimp feeds requires reproducible and comparable research // Aquaculture International. — 2025. — Vol. 33, № 2. — Article 101. — P. 1–24. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-024-01769-w.

20. Boaru A., Antal Vigh A., Ladoşi D. et al. Studies regarding the fertilizing capacity of poultry manure biocomposted by fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) // AAB Bioflux. — 2018. — Vol. 10, № 3. — P. 114–121.

21. Candela-Maldonado Y., Megder I., Tefal E. et al. Four organic protein source alternatives to fish meal for pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) feeding // Fishes. — 2025. — Vol. 10, № 8. — Article 384. DOI: 10.3390/fishes10080384.

22. Chang T., Lin H., Han F. et al. Impact of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on health, muscle texture, and intestinal microbiota in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) // Aquaculture. — 2025. — Vol. 596. — Article 741755. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741755.

23. Chen Y., Chi S., Zhang S. et al. Effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on lipid and glucose metabolism of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei // Br. J. Nutr. — 2022. — Vol. 128, № 9. — P. 1674–1688. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521004670.

24. Chen Y., Chi S., Zhang S. et al. Evaluation of the dietary Black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) on growth performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus of the pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) // Front. Mar. Sci. — 2021. — Vol. 8. — Article 706463. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.706463.

25. Chen Y., Mitra A., Rahimnejad S. et al. Retrospect of fish meal substitution in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed: Alternatives, limitations and future prospects // Rev. Aquacult. — 2024. — Vol. 16, № 1. — P. 382–409. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12843.

26. Chen Y., Zheng C., Zhang S. et al. Dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performance, non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei // Acta Hydrobiol. Sin. — 2023a. — Vol. 47, № 2. — P. 269–278. DOI: 10.7541/2023.2022.0201 (на кит.).

27. Chen Y., Zhuang Z., Liu J. et al. Effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) revealed by innate immunity and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis // Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part D: Genomics and Proteomics. — 2023b. — Vol. 46. — Article 101080. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101080.

28. Cummins Jr V.C., Rawles S.D., Thompson K.R. et al. Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) // Aquaculture. — 2017. — Vol. 473. — P. 337–344. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.02.022.

29. Da Silva G.D.P., Hesselberg T. A review of the use of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), to compost organic waste in tropical regions // Neotrop. Entomol. — 2020. — Vol. 49, № 2. — P. 151–162. DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00719-z.

30. Dalmoro Y.K., Franceschi C.H., Stefanello C. A systematic review and metanalysis on the use of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor in diets for poultry // Vet. Sci. — 2023. — Vol. 10, № 12. — Article 702. — P. 1–23. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120702.

31. De Farias A.B.S., Santana T.M., Silva V.F. et al. Dietary inclusion of frass from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae modulates gut microbiota without compromising the growth performance and health status of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles // Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. — 2025. — Vol. 51, № 4. — Article 137. DOI: 10.1007/s10695-025-01552-5.

32. Isibika A., Vinnerás B., Kibazohi O. et al. Pre-treatment of banana peel to improve composting by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae // Waste Management. — 2019. — Vol. 100. — P. 151–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.017.

33. Fawole F.J., Adeoye A.A., Tiamiyu L.O. et al. Substituting fishmeal with Hermetia illucens in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Effects on growth, nutrient utilization, haematophysiological response, and oxidative stress biomarker // Aquaculture. — 2020. — Vol. 518. — Article 734849. — P. 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734849.

34. Fricke E., Saborowski R., Slater M.J. Utility of by-products of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) production as feed ingredients for Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) // J. World Aquac. Soc. — 2024. — Vol. 55, № 4. — Article e13070. — P. 1–16. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.13070.

35. Grassauer F., Ferdous J., Pelletier N. Manure valorization using black soldier fly larvae: a review of current systems, production characteristics, utilized feed substrates, and bioconversion and nitrogen conversion efficiencies // Sustainability. — 2023. — Vol. 15, № 16. — Article 12177. — P. 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/su151612177.

36. He Y., Liu X., Zhang N. et al. Replacement of commercial feed with fresh black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) // Aquac. Nutr. — 2022a. — Vol. 2022, № 1. — Article 9130400. — P. 1–8. DOI: 10.1155/2022/9130400.

37. He Y., Zhang N., Wang A. et al. Positive effects of replacing commercial feeds by fresh black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in the diets of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Immune enzyme, water quality, and intestinal microbiota // Front. Mar. Sci. — 2022b. — Vol. 9. — Article 987363. — P. 1–15. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.987363.

38. He Y., Peng H., Jin M. et al. Application evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil in shrimp feed: Effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism // Aquac. Rep. — 2024. — Vol. 36. — Article 102174. DOI: 10.1016/j. aqrep.2024.102174.

39. Herawati V.E., Elfitasari T., Darmanto Y.S. et al. Effect of different ratios of maggot meal (Hermetia illucens) on growth performance and body composition of vannamei shrimp (Litopennaeus vannamei) post larvae // AACL Bioflux. — 2023. — Vol. 16, № 2. — P. 768–779.

40. Herawati V.E., Susilo A., Pinandoyo P. et al. Optimization of fish meal substitution with maggot meal (Hermetia illucens) for growth and feed utilization efficiency of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei // Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Science. — 2019. — Vol. 21, № 2. — P. 284–297. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20237401024.

41. Herawati W.E., Windarto S., Anggraeni N., Arfan M. Optimal dietary maggot oil for juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Growth performance, feed utilization, and nutritional quality // AACL Bioflux. — 2024. — Vol. 17, № 1. — P. 61–71.

42. Hidayat N., Anggarini S., Sunyoto N.M.S. et al. Bioconversion of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) on agricultural waste: Potential source of protein and lipid, the application (A mini-review) // Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering. — 2024. — Vol. 7, № 1. — P. 78–92. DOI: 10.21776/ub.afssaae.2024.007.01.8.

43. Jucker C., Erba D., Leonardi M.G. et al. Assessment of vegetable and fruit substrates as potential rearing media for Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae // Environ. Entomol. — 2017. — Vol. 46, № 6. — P. 1415–1423. DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx154.

44. Julita U., Suryani Y., Kinasih I. et al. Growth performance and nutritional composition of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L), (Diptera : Stratiomyidae) reared on horse and sheep manure // IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. — 2018. — Vol. 187. — Article 012071. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/187/1/012071.

45. Keetanon A., Chuchird N., Phansawat P. et al. Effects of black soldier fly larval meal on the growth performance, survival, immune responses, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) // Aquaculture International. — 2024. — Vol. 32. — P. 2233–2248. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-023-01267-5.

46. Ko D., Lee Y., Kim S. Full-fat or defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as a fish meal replacer in diet for Penaeus vannamei // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2025 (preprint). DOI: 10.1163/23524588-bja10257.

47. Lee C., Lee K.J. Dietary protein requirement of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in three different growth stages // Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. — 2018. — Vol. 21, № 1. — P. 1–6. DOI: 10.1186/s41240-018-0105-0.

48. Leeper A., Benhaïm D., Smárason B.O. et al. Feeding black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on organic rest streams alters gut characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2022. — Vol. 8, № 11. — P. 1355–1372. DOI: 10.3920/JIFF2021.0105.

49. Li Q., Zheng L., Qiu N. et al. Bioconversion of dairy manure by black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar production // Waste Management. — 2011. — Vol. 31, № 6. — P. 1316–1320. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.005.

50. Li X., Chen Y., Zheng C. et al. Evaluation of six novel protein sources on apparent digestibility in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei // Aquac. Nutr. — 2022. — Vol. 2022. — Article 8225273. — P. 1–11. DOI: 10.1155/2022/8225273.

51. Li X., Yang L., Jiang S. et al. Effect of fly maggot protein as dietary on growth and intestinal microbial community of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei // Biology. — 2023. — Vol. 12, № 11. — Article 1433. — P. 1–17. DOI: 10.3390/biology12111433.

52. Ling S.L.Y., Shafiee M., Longworth Z. et al. Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as an alternative protein source in sustainable aquaculture production: A scoping review of its comprehensive impact on shrimp and prawn farming // Animal Feed Science and Technology. — 2025. — Vol. 319, № 6. — Article 116174. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116174.

53. Liu T., Klammsteiner T., Dregulo A.M. et al. Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review // Sci. Total Environ. — 2022. — Vol. 833. — Article 155122. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122.

54. Liu Y., Andin V.C., Chor W.K. et al. A preliminary study on the effects of substituting fishmeal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval meal on Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles: Growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient composition, disease resistance, and economic returns // J. Fish Biol. — 2024. — Vol. 105, № 6. — P. 1681–1693. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15908.

55. Lu S., Taethaisong N., Meethip W. et al. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) and its potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets: A review // Insects. — 2022. — Vol. 13, № 9. — Article 831. — P. 1–17. DOI: 10.3390/insects13090831.

56. Mohamad A., Tan C.K., Shah N.N.A.K. et al. Insect protein: A pathway to sustainable protein supply chains, challenges, and prospects // Journ. of Agriculture and Food Research. — 2025. — Vol. 19. — Article 101678. — P. 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101678.

57. Mohan K., Rajan D.K., Muralisankar T. et al. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal in aquafeeds for a sustainable aquaculture industry: A review of past and future needs // Aquaculture. — 2022. — Vol. 553. — Article 738095. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738095.

58. Nairuti R.N., Musyoka S.N., Yegon M.J., Opiyo M.A. Utilization of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) larvae as a protein source for fish feed — a review // Aquaculture Studies. — 2021. — Vol. 22, № 2. — P. 1–12. DOI: 10.4194/AQUAST697.

59. Novriadi R., Davies S., Triatmaja K.I.K. et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as an alternative to marine ingredients elicits superior growth performance and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) // Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. — 2024. — Vol. 24, № 1. — TRJFAS24343. DOI: 10.4194/TRJFAS24343.

60. N’Souvi K., Sun C., Che B., Vodounon A. Shrimp industry in China: overview of the trends in the production, imports and exports during the last two decades, challenges, and outlook // Front. Sustain. Food Syst. — 2024. — Vol. 7. — Article 1287034. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1287034.

61. Nugroho R.A., Nur F.M. Insect-based protein: future promising protein source for fish cultured // IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. — 2018. — Vol. 144. — Article 012002. DOI: 10.1088/17551315/144/1/012002.

62. Nunes A.J.P., Yamamoto H., Simões J.P. et al. The Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal can fully replace fish meal in practical nursery diets for post-larval Penaeus vannamei under highdensity culture // Fishes. — 2023. — Vol. 8. — Article 605. — P. 1–15. DOI: 10.3390/fishes8120605.

63. Odeon M.M., Fernández-Arhex V., García-Falabella B. et al. Innovative protein sources for sustainable sheep farming: assesing Black soldier fly larvae meal in merino lamb diet // Small Ruminant Research. — 2025. — Vol. 250. — Article 107556. DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2025.107556.

64. Oliveira J.S., Ribeiro C.D.F., de Souza C.O., Ribeiro C.V.D.M. Mapping the use of insects in animal feed: scientific and technological data of Tenebrio molitor, Hermetia illucens, and Zophobas morio // Animal Production Science. — 2025. — Vol. 65, № 9. — AN24415. DOI: 10.1071/AN24415.

65. Oonincx D.G.A.B., van Huis A., van Loon J.J.A. Nutrient utilisation by black soldier flies fed with chicken, pig, or cow manure // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2015. — Vol. 1, № 2. — P. 131–139. DOI: 10.3920/JIFF2014.0023.

66. Parra Paz A.S., Carrejo N.S., Gómes Rodríguez C.H. Effects of larval density and feeding rates on the bioconversion of vegetable waste using black soldier fly larvae Hermetia illucens (L.), (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) // Waste Biomass Valor. — 2015. — Vol. 6. — P. 1059–1065. DOI: 10.1007/s12649-015-9418-8.

67. Pastor B., Velásquez Y., Gobbi P., Rojo S. Conversion of organic wastes into fly larval biomass: bottlenecks and challenges // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2015. — Vol. 1, № 3. — P. 179–193. DOI:10.3920/JIFF2014.0024.

68. Pauly D., Zeller D. Comments on FAOs state of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA 2016) // Marine Policy. — 2017. — Vol. 77. — P. 176–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.006.

69. Porto-Fragozo P.L., Rodríguez-Forero A. Fuentes proteicas alternas como sustituto parcial a la harina de pescado en las formulaciones nutricionales del cultivo de camarón (Penaeus vannamei) // Orinoquia. — 2023. — Vol. 27, № 2. — e-767. DOI: 10.22579/20112629.767 (на исп.).

70. Raghuvaran N., Varghese T., Jana P. et al. Current status and global research trend patterns of insect meal in aquaculture from scientometric perspective: (2013–2022) // Aquac. Nutr. — 2024. — Article 5466604. DOI: 10.1155/2024/5466604.

71. Rahman R., Laconi E.B., Jayanegara A., Astuti D.A. Effect of dietary black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) and bioconversion product of cocoa pod husk on performance and hematological profile of sheep // IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. — 2021. — Vol. 1098, № 6. — Article 062058. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1098/6/062058.

72. Rajalakshmi K., Felix N., Ranjan A. et al. Exploring sustainable animal protein sources for shrimp aquaculture in India // Sustainable Feed Ingredients and Additives for Aquaculture Farming. Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa. — Springer, Singapore, 2024. — P. 187–214. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-4279-0_9.

73. Rajalakshmi K., Nathan F., Ranjan A. et al. Physiological, immunological and nutritional assessment of Penaeus vannamei fed with different combinations of novel feed ingredients // Annals of Animal Science. — 2025. — Vol. 25, № 3. — P. 1087–1100. DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2025-0006.

74. Ritika P., Satyawati S., Rajendra P. Study on occurrence of black soldier fly larvae in composting of kitchen waste // Intern. Journ. Res. Biosci. — 2015. — Vol. 4, № 4. — P. 38–45.

75. Rizal M., Astuti D.A., Fahmi M.R. Evaluation of BSF larva meal and oil as white shrimp feed on growth performance, body composition, and health response // Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada. — 2024. — Vol. 26, № 2. — P. 193–201. DOI: 10.22146/jfs.97636.

76. Röthig T., Barth A., Tschirner M. et al. Insect feed in sustainable crustacean aquaculture // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2023. — Vol. 9, № 9. — P. 1115–1138. DOI: 10.3920/JIFF2022.0117.

77. Saputra I., Lee Y.N. Nutrition composition of commercial full-fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens) as a potential protein resource for aquafeeds // Biodiversitas. — 2023. — Vol. 24, № 9. — P. 4877–4884. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240930.

78. Shah S.R.A., Çetingül I.S. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as an ecological, immune booster and economical feedstuff for aquaculture // Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. — 2022. — Vol. 11, № 1. — P. 52–62. DOI: 10.33714/masteb.1041493.

79. Shin J., Lee K.J. Digestibility of insect meals for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and their performance for growth, feed utilization and immune responses // PloS One. — 2021. — Vol. 16, № 11. — Article e0260305. — P. 1–16. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260305.

80. Siddiqui S.A., Gadge A.S., Hasan M. et al. Future opportunities for products derived from black soldier fly (BSF) treatment as animal feed and fertilizer — A systematic review // Environment, Development and Sustainability. — 2024. — Vol. 26, № 12. — P. 30273–30354. DOI: 10.1007/ s10668-024-04673-8.

81. Singh A., Kumari K. An inclusive approach for organic waste treatment and valorisation using Black soldier fly larvae: A review // Journ. Environ. Management. — 2019. — Vol. 251. — Article 109569. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109569.

82. Sookying D., Davis D.A. Pond production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed high levels of soybean meal in various combinations // Aquaculture. — 2011. — Vol. 319, № 1–2. — P. 141–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.049.

83. Stadtlander T., Deininger K., Sandrock C. et al. Larven-Mehl der schwarzen Soldatenfliege (Hermetia illucens) eignet sich für die Fütterung der Weißbeingarnele (Penaeus vannamei) unter Praxisbedingungen in einer modernen Kreislaufanlage // Ernährungs Umschau. — 2025. — Vol. 72, № 8. — AP. 44–52. DOI: 10.4455/eu.2025.034 (на немец.).

84. Sverguzova S.V., Shaikhiev I.H., Sapronova Z.A. et al. Use of fly larvae Hermetia illucens in poultry feeding: a review paper // Journ. of Water and Land Development. — 2021. — Vol. 49. — P. 95–103. DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.137101.

85. Tacon A.G.J., Cody J.J., Conquest L.D. et al. Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets // Aquac. Nutr. — 2002. — Vol. 8, № 2. — P. 121–137. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00199.x.

86. Tran G., Heuzé V., Makkar H. Insects in fish diets // Animal Frontiers. — 2015. — Vol. 5, № 2. — P. 37–44. DOI:10.2527/af.2015-0018.

87. Usman, Fahrur M., Kamaruddin et al. The utilization of black soldier fly larvae meal as a substitution of fish meal in diet for white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, grow-out // IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. — 2021. — Vol. 860, № 1. — Article 012023. — P. 1–10. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012023.

88. Veldkamp T., van Rozen K., Elissen H. et al. Bioconversion of digestate, pig manure and vegetal residue-based waste operated by black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) // Animals. — 2021. — Vol. 11, № 11. — Article 3082. — P. 1–10. DOI: 10.3390/ani11113082.

89. Wang G., Peng K., Hu J. et al. Evaluation of defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal for Litopenaeus vannamei: effects on growth performance, nutrition retention, antioxidant and immune response, digestive enzyme activity and hepatic morphology // Aquac. Nutr. — 2021. — Vol. 27, № 4. — P. 986–997. DOI: 10.1111/anu.13240.

90. Wang Y.S., Shelomi M. Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food // Foods. — 2017. — Vol. 6, № 10. — Article 91. — P. 1–23. DOI: 10.3390/ foods6100091.

91. Xiao X., Jin P., Zheng L. et al. Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal protein as a fishmeal replacement on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) // Aquac. Res. — 2018. — Vol. 49, № 4. — P. 1569–1577. DOI: 10.1111/are.13611.

92. Xiao X., Mazza L., Yu Y. et al. Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer by Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria // J. Environ. Management. — 2018. — Vol. 217. — P. 668–676. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman. 2018.03.122.

93. Yildirim-Aksoy M., Eljack R., Beck B.H., Peatman E. Nutritional evaluation of frass from black soldier fly larvae as potential feed ingredient for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei // Aquac. Rep. — 2022. — Vol. 27. — Article 101353. — P. 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j. aqrep.2022.101353.

94. Zheng J.Y., Gan Z.R., Huang T.Y. et al. Replacement of fish meal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in diet of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): growth, flesh quality and transcriptome // Journ. of Insects as Food and Feed. — 2024. — Vol. 11, № 5. — P. 873–893. DOI: 10.1163/23524588-00001235.

95. Zou X., Liu M., Li X. et al. Applications of insect nutrition resources in animal production // Journ. of Agriculture and Food Research. — 2024. — Vol. 15. — Article 100966. DOI: 10.1016/j. jafr.2024.100966.

96. Zheng L., Li Q., Zhang J., Ziniu Y. Double the biodiesel yield: Rearing black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, on solid residual fraction of restaurant waste after grease extraction for biodiesel production // Renewable Energy. — 2012. — Vol. 41. — P. 75–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.10.004.