Growth of pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in the first year of life

Data of observations and published materials on linear and weight growth of pacific cod in the first year of life are analyzed for different habitats. The growth curve is approximated by logistic function. Monthly increments for the body length of larvae and fry are about 50 % in the first three months of life, when growth is the most intense. Absolute length increments increase in the first half of the year and reach the maximum of 25-30 mm per month in late summer — early autumn, then decrease in the rest of the year. Relative body length increments decrease in autumn and winter, too. The cod grow faster in southern areas. Weight growth patterns are different from the linear growth. The weight growth is the most intense in the first half of year, when relative weight increments exceed significantly the length increments — monthly weight increments decrease gradually form 142 % in the first month of life to 85 % in the sixth month. When the weight reaches app. 4 g, the relative weight increments decrease abruptly though the absolute increments continue to increase until the 7–9th months of life when they reach 8–10 g per month for fish with body length > 10 cm. The cod weight increases by 58 % in this short period of the highest growth. Time lag between the peaks of absolute increments of length (in the sixth month of life) and weight (in the eighth month) is about 2 months

1. Arkhipov, A.G., Application of Study Results of the Commercial Pelagic Fish Early Ontogeny in Fisheries Management, Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2015, vol. 156, pp. 16–37.

2. Balykin, P.A., Sergeeva, N.P., and Balykina, N.V., Winter-spring ichthyoplankton in the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchatki Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2002, vol. 6, pp. 27–32.

3. Bulatov, O.A., Distribution of eggs and larvae of Gadus (subfamily Gadinae) in the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and western Bering Sea, in Treskovyye dal’nevostochnykh morey (Gadidae of the Far Eastern Seas), Vladivostok: TINRO, 1986, pp. 89–101.

4. Buslov, A.V., Rost mintaya i razmerno-vozrastnaya struktura yego populyatsiy (Pollock growth and size-age structure of its populations), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2005.

5. Buslov, A.V. and Sergeeva, N.P., Embryogenesis and early postembryonic development of codfishes of the far eastern seas, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchatki Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2013, vol. 29, pp. 5–69.

6. Buslov, A.V., Sergeeva, N.P., and Ilyin, O.I., Embryonic development of pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (Gadidae), Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2010, vol. 160, pp. 71–88.

7. Gorbunova, N.N., Reproduction and development of pollock, Tr. Inst. Okeanol. im. P. P. Shirshova, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1954, vol. 11, pp. 132–195.

8. Dekhnik, T.V., Serebryakov, V.P., and Soin, S.G., The importance of the early stages of fish development in the formation of the number of generations, Teoriya formirovaniya chislennosti i ratsional’nogo ispol’zovaniya stad promyslovykh ryb (Theory of the formation of the number and rational use of commercial fish stocks), Moscow: Nauka, 1985, pp. 56–72.

9. Zaitsev, G.N., Matematicheskaya statistika v eksperimental’noy botanike (Mathematical statistics in experimental botany), Moscow: Nauka, 1984.

10. Maksimenkov, V.V., Pitaniye i pishchevyye otnosheniya molodi ryb, obitayushchikh v estuariyakh rek i pribrezh’ye Kamchatki (Nutrition and nutritional relationships of juvenile fish living in estuaries of rivers and the coast of Kamchatka), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatNIRO, 2007.

11. Mina, M.V. and Klevezal’, G.A., Rost zhivotnykh: analiz na urovne organizma (Animal Growth: An Analysis on the Level of Organism), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.

12. Moiseev, P.A., Cod and flounders of the Far Eastern seas, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1953, vol. 40.

13. Mukhacheva, V.A. and Zvyagina, O.A., Development of the Pacific cod Gadus morhua macrocephalus Tilesius, Tr. Inst. Okeanol. im. P. P. Shirshova, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1960, vol. 31, pp. 145–165.

14. Poltev, Yu.N. and Vinogradov, S.A., Some questions connected with infestation of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) fingerlings from the northern Kuril waters by the copepod Haemobaphes diceraus (Copepoda: Pennellidae), in Biologiya, sostoyaniye zapasov i usloviya obitaniya gidrobiontov v Sakhalino-Kuril’skom regione i sopredel’nykh akvatoriyakh (Water life biology, resources status and condition of inhabitation in Sakhalin-Kuril region and adjoining water areas), Tr. Sakhalin. NauchnoIssled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2004, vol. 6, pp. 301–304.

15. Poltev, Yu.N. and Nemchinova, I.A., Habitat conditions and feeding of cod fingerlings in waters of the northern Kuril Islands, in Biologiya, sostoyaniye zapasov i usloviya obitaniya gidrobiontov v Sakhalino-Kuril’skom regione i sopredel’nykh akvatoriyakh (Water life biology, resources status and condition of inhabitation in Sakhalin-Kuril region and adjoining water areas), Tr. Sakhalin. NauchnoIssled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2006, vol. 8, pp. 267–271.

16. Ricker, W.E., Quantitative indicators and models of fish growth, in Fish Physiology, vol. 8: Bioenergetics and Growth, Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J., Brett, J.R., Eds., New York: Academic Press, 1979, vol. 10.

17. Savin, A.B., Spawning grounds of pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in the North-West Pacific, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2016, vol. 187, pp. 48–71. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2016-187-48-71

18. Tikhookeanskaya treska dal’nevostochnykh vod Rossii (Pacific cod of the Far Eastern waters of Russia), Orlov A.M., ed., Moscow: VNIRO, 2013.

19. Yusupov, R.R., Embryonic and larval development of pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus from the Tauyskaya Bay (northern Okhotsk Sea), Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2015, vol. 182, pp. 23–37. doi 10.26428/1606-9919-2015-182-23-37

20. Yarzhombek, A.А., Zakonomernosti rosta promyslovykh ryb (Regularities of growth of commercial fish), Moscow: VNIRO, 2011. Bakkala, R.G., Pacific cod of the eastern Bering Sea, Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull., 1984, vol. 42, pp. 157–179.

21. Blackburn, J., Observation on the growth of Pacific cod in the Kodiak area, Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull., 1984, vol. 42, pp. 152–156.

22. Brown, E.S., Rose, C.S., and Cummings, N.J., Information on Pacific cod from winter research trawl surveys in the Kodiak Island region, 1977–81, Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull., 1984, vol. 42, pp. 130–151.

23. Camnpana, S.E. and Hurley P.C.F., An age- and temperature-mediated growth model for cod (Cadus rnorhua) and caddock (Melanogramrnus aeglefinus) larvae in the Gulf of Maine, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1989, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 603–613.

24. Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations, Chambers, R.C., Trippel, E.A., eds, L.: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

25. Forrester, C.R., Laboratory observations on embryonic development and larvae of the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius), J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1964, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 9–16. doi 10.1139/f64-002

26. Hurst, T.P., Cooper, D.W., Scheingross, J.S., Seale, E.M., Laurel, B.J., and Spencer, M.L., Effects of ontogeny, temperature, and light on vertical movements of larval Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Fish. Oceanogr., 2009, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 301–311.

27. Hurst, T.P., Laurel, B.J., and Ciannelli, L., Ontogenetic patterns and temperature-dependence of growth in early life stages of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Fish. Bull., 2010, vol. 108, pp. 382–392.

28. Ketchen, K.S., Observations on the ecology of the Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Canadian waters, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1961, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 513–558.

29. Ketchen, K.S., Preliminary results of studies on a growth and mortality of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Hecate Strait, British Columbia, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1964, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1051–1067.

30. Laurel, B.J., Hurst, T.P., Copeman, L.A., and Davis, M.W., The role of temperature on the growth and survival of early and late hatching Pacific cod larvae (Gadus macrocephalus), J. Plankt. Res., 2008, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1051–1060.

31. Miller, J.A., DiMaria, R.A., and Hurst, T.P., Patterns of larval source distribution and mixing in early life stages of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the southeastern Bering Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Part II, 2016, vol. 134, pp. 270–282. doi 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.12.012

32. Mishima, S., Stock assessment and biological aspects of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) in Japanese waters, Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull., 1984, vol. 42, pp. 180–188.

33. Narimatsu, Y., Hattori, T., Ueda, Y., Matsuzaka, H., and Shiogaki, M., Somatic growth and otolith microstructure of larval and juvenile Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, Fish. Sci., 2007, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 1257–1264.

34. Park, D.W., Studies on mass seedling production of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (in Korean), Pukyong National University, 2008.

35. Park, J. and Kim, P.K., The effects of water temperature on growth performance and hematology of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus reared in land-based culture tanks, Fish. Sci., 2016, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 953–960. doi 10.1007/s12562-016-1020-x

36. Seo, Y.S., Park, M.E., Kim, J.G., and Lee S.U., Egg development and juvenile growth of the Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (Korean East Sea population), Kor. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2007, vol. 40, no.. 6, pp. 380–386. doi 10.5657/kfas.2007.40.6.380

37. Takatsu, T., Early life history and population fluctuation of Pacific cod in Mutsu Bay, Intern. Symp. on Stock Enhancement and Fisheries Management of Pacific Cod, Geoje: Gyeongsang National University, 2008, vol. 14, pp. 64–79.

38. Takatsu, T., Nakatani, T., Mutoh, T., and Takahashi, T., Feeding habits of Pacific cod larvae and juveniles in Mutsu Bay, Japan, Fish. Sci., 1995, vol. 61, pp. 415–422.

39. Takatsu, T., Yoshida, Y., Kooka, K., Sugimoto, K., and Takahashi, T., Spatial and temporal distribution of Pacific Cod Gadus macrocephalus juveniles in Mutsu Bay, Japan, Bull. Jap. Soc. Fish. Oceanogr., 2001, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 6–14.

40. Tezuka, N., Present state on Sea-Farming of pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Notojima Station, Intern. Symp. on Stock Enhancement and Fisheries Management of Pacific Cod, Geoje: Gyeongsang National University, 2008, vol. 14, pp. 80–96.

41. Zhang, Ch.I., Pacific cod of South Korean waters, Intern. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull., 1984, vol. 42, pp. 116–129.

42. International Symposium on Stock Enhancement and Fisheries Management of Pacific Cod, Geoje: Gyeongsang National University, 2008, vol. 14.