Vol 177 (2014)
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
3-24 491
Abstract
New database (DB) is presented of 224 fishery-independent bottom trawl surveys (32699 trawl stations) conducted in the last 34 years in the North Pacific and adjacent regions - the Bering, Okhotsk, and Japan/East. Bottom surveys embrace the depth range from 5 to 2025 m, so they cover less area than pelagic ones. The majority of the trawls (30510) are obtained in the areas of regular monitoring of biological resources and state of ecosystems (2 mln km2). More than 1400 species of fish and invertebrates with the body size ≥ 1 cm are presented in the bottom trawl catches. Each of 459660 DB records on registered species has at least number and/or weight specification and size measurements data. History of DB creation and improvement of its quality is overviewed and the first operating experience is shared, with special attention to its advantages and ways of further development. Role of DB in the framework of the Concept of Ecological Safety of Russia is considered. Its imperfections are discussed as the lack of fishery-independent trawl surveys after 1990 and insufficient number of deep-water trawls, that causes a problem of interannual incomparability. However, in spite of data incompleteness and some methodical problems of surveys, the huge number of marine expeditions conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in the last decades allows to operate with unprecendented volume of information on composition and structure of bottom macrofauna over the vast area of shelf and continental slope. Sure that no other institution in the world ever had, has, and probably will have in a foreseeable future a better material for studying of benthic biocenoses.
25-39 452
Abstract
Stable isotopes composition is determined for carbon and nitrogen in tissues of 42 zooplankton species collected in the entire Okhotsk Sea in spring, summer, and autumn. These data allow to define trophic status of the animals and its seasonal variations. By d15N value, the trophic position heightens in the order: omnivorous copepods < euphausiids < hyperiids < jellyfishes < arrowworms, so the filtering copepod Eucalanus bungii has the lowest d15N value (6.9-8.0 ‰) and the arrowworm Sagitta elegans - the highest one (12.0-13.5 ‰). The hierarchy does not change seasonally, but d15N decreases in summer for majority of species that reflects trophic consequences of phytoplankton spring bloom. The dwellers of the shelf have higher d13С values in comparison to the inhabitants of the deep-water sea, and seasonal variation of d13С could be reasoned by seasonal transfers of some zooplankton species between these bathymetric zones.
40-76 476
Abstract
Six communities of demersal fishes and cyclostomes are identified on the shelf of the northwestern Bering Sea and their structure is described on the data of complex bottom trawl surveys conducted in 2004 and 2005. The communities include 110 species of fish and cyclostomes belonged to 27 families, mainly Cottidae, Pleuronectidae, Stichaeidae, Agonidae, Liparidae, Hemitripteridae, and Zoarcidae. Wide-boreal, arctic-boreal and high-boreal species of the eulittoral, mezobenthal and sublittoral complexes prevail, the most abundant ones walleye pollock, pacific sleeper shark, pacific cod, yellow irish lord, great sculpin, pacific herring, saffron cod, bering flounder, nothern rock sole, alaska plaice, butterfly sculpin, armorhead sculpin, and warty sculpin. The communities arrange in conformity with basic principles of bathymetric and latitudinal zonality, as is shown by multidimensional scaling clusterization. The spatial variability of ichthyocenes correlates stronger with depth - three communities are defined by bathymetry: sublittoral, elittoral, and upper-bathyal ones, and each of them can be divided into two communities of lower hierarchical level according to zoogeographical heterogeneity of the northwestern Bering Sea: one in the Anadyr Bay and other in the rest of the shelf. This arrangement did not change between 2004 and 2005.
77-113 562
Abstract
Cited and archive data on sex ratio and its changes with age are generalized for 28 species of flounders from the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia belonged to the family Pleuronectidae. Spatial and temporal variations of their size-sex and sex-age structure are considered by species. Among the flounders, the portion of females increases with age and reaches 100 % in the largest and eldest classes. Populations of the western Bering Sea (pacific black halibut, arrowtooth flounder, yellowfin sole, and northern rock sole) and the eastern Okhotsk Sea (pacific black halibut, yellowfin sole, flathead sole, alaska plaice, and starry flounder) are distinguished by the maximum length and age with the sex ratio 50% : 50%. Male and female mortality varies, as well, between the populations. For the common species, as yellowfin sole, alaska plaice, sakhalin sole, flathead sole, starry flounder, and some others, the maximal body length and age are observed in the eastern Okhotsk Sea, but the minimal limits of the size and age are observed in the northern and western parts of the Okhotsk Sea.
114-124 409
Abstract
Results of the trawl and ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in the northern Okhotsk Sea in the spring of 2013 are presented. In comparison with 2012, the abundance of walleye pollock decreased in 1.8 times and its biomass - in 1.4 times. Number of the 1+ pollock is assessed in 1.6·109 ind., so the 2012 year-class is weak. The size structure is distinguished by 3 modes formed by strong year-classes: 17-23 cm (2+), 30-36 cm (5+), and 37-53 cm (mature fish). Spawning stock of pollock in the northern Okhotsk Sea is assessed as 6.649 million t that is considered as a medium value.
125-138 502
Abstract
Two mussel settlements are found in the Kievka Bay - at Skaly and Vtoroy Islands. They are formed mainly by Gray mussel Crenomytilus grayanus in druses of 6-230 individuals. Size of their shells is 10-150 mm at Vtoroy Island, with domination of small-sized mollusks < 25 mm, but 14-132 mm at Skaly Island, with the large-sized ones predominance, that reflects more severe environments for mussels in the eastern part of the Bay where Skaly Island is located. Their allometric growth is slower at Skaly Island, too. Besides Gray mussel, 89 other species are presented in the area of the settlements, mainly polychaetes, bivalves, brown algae, ascidia, gastropods, and red algae; 19 of them are common and make a «core» of these benthic assemblages. By their trophic status, they belong to sorters and non-motile sestonophages, with the latter dominating by biomass. Benthic communities in the area of the settlements are formed by 4-37 species, mainly macrozoobenthos. Density of benthic organisms distribution in the assemblages varies in the range 8-1000 ind./m2, their mean biomass is 3235 g/m2 (maximum 7215 g/m2, mainly animals), the average species diversity is 25.7 ± 7.3 species at Skaly Island and 13.9 ± 3.9 species at Vtoroy Island.
139-151 394
Abstract
Scale structure is investigated for juvenile chinook salmon caught in the lower part of the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka) in 2007-2013. Sclerites are formed in late May - late September for underyearlings (on average 9.34 days for a scleritis) and in late May - middle July for the fish of age 1+ (on average 12.76 days for a scleritis). After wintering, the scale seasonal growth resumes and an annual ring is formed usually on May 15-20.
152-155 425
Abstract
Morphological description is given for 38 specimens of rare skate Bathyraja abyssicola caught in the North-West Pacific in the 1974-1989, including juveniles and adults of both sexes. Counts for teeth, vertebras, pectoral fin, and intestinal valve are presented. The species biology is discussed.
156-166 439
Abstract
Nonlinear multiplicative model is developed that describes dependence of the pink salmon juveniles abundance in the Mi River (Amur Estuary) on number of their parents and some meteorological factors. The spawning stock is the most significant factor that explains 44.7 % of the abundance dispersion. Among meteorological factors, winter air temperature correlates positively (23.9 % of dispersion) and air temperature during anadromous migration and spawning of pink salmon correlates negatively (5.8 % of dispersion) with the juveniles abundance. In sum, these factors explain 73.7 % of abundance variability for the downstream migrants. In the years with equal number of spawners, the highest abundance of juveniles can be in 6.69 times higher than their lowest abundance because of the meteorological factors influence.
167-181 576
Abstract
Abundance and species composition are investigated for demersal fish at the oceanic side of southern Kuril Islands on the data of the bottom trawl survey in the depth range 100-1400 m conducted in the spring of 2009 (for the first time at the continental slope). The total biomass of demersal fish within the surveyed area is estimated as 296.5 thousand tons; besides, 24.15 th. t of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (pelagic species) is accounted at the sea bottom. Three groupings of demersal fishes are identified with different species composition: the upper one at 100-400 m (53.97 th. t, mainly pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (50.3 %), purplegray sculpin Gymnacanthus detrisus , Steller smallmouth Glyptocephalus stelleri , barred snailfish Crystallias matsushimae , salmon snailfish Careproctus rastrinus , and longjaw rockfish Sebastes alutus ); the medium one at 400-800 m (39.27 th. t, mainly asiatic arrowtooth Atheresthes evermanni (36.6 %), eelpout zesta Bothrocara zestum (19.6 %), aleutian skate Bathyraja aleutica , giant grenadier Albatrossia pectoralis , Matsubara skate B. matsubarai , and alaska skate B. parmifera ); and the most abundant deep one at 800-1400 m (203.34 th. t, basically grenadiers, as giant grenadier (80.5 %), popeye grenadier Coryphaenoides cinereus , and roughscale grenadier C. acrolepis ). Spatial distribution of the mass species is determined by bathymetric range of their habitat: the shelf species concentrate near the shores, and the slope species - in the deep-water trough southeastward from Urup Island. Active spawning is not registered for the demersal species and pollock, possibly because of permanent removing of fish eggs from the upper layer of the surveyed area by the Oyashio Current.
ENVIRONMENTS OF FISHERIES RESOURCES
182-192 494
Abstract
Results of ecological monitoring in the coastal waters at north-eastern Sakhalin are presented. Spatial patterns of water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, and concentrations of inorganic phosphate and silicon are described, geostrophic currents are calculated. Abnormalities of early embryogenesis are revealed for the sand dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis in the water sampled both at the coast and in the oil-producing areas but not in the areas distanced from the oil wells. Possible influence of natural environments and anthropogenic factors on marine biota in the area of monitoring is discussed: the abnormalities at the coast are possibly caused by low salinity, but those ones in the oil-producing areas have no any natural reasons, so far as salinity, temperature and nutrients concentration in these areas are the same as in the open-waters with normal results of the bioassay. Thus, anthropogenic impact on marine biota is detected for the areas of continued oil and gas production on the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island.
193-208 420
Abstract
Data of Russian surveys in the Australian-New Zealand sector of the South Ocean in 1956-1983 are presented. Fauna of ostracods in this region includes 66 species belonged to 35 genera, 4 subfamilies and 2 families that is more than in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the South Ocean but less than in the Pacific sector. Both total abundance and species composition of ostracods change with latitude, as well as the abundance of mass species, namely the number of species and their abundance decrease from the Subtropical Convergence toward Antarctica but the number of cold-water species and portion of endemic species increase in the same direction, while dominant species are replaced in the order: wide-spread + subantarctic → wide-spread + antarctic → proper antarctic ones. Pelagic ostracods in the Subantarctic zone are mainly allochthonous species with very low portion of endemic ones; this zone is not biogeographically independent but is a transitional area between the Tropical and Antarctic zones. As compared with the Northern Hemisphere, the pelagic ostracods abundance in the Subantarctic and Antarctic zones is higher than in the Boreal and Arctic zones.
Sergey P. Zakharkov,
Yulianna V. Shambarova,
Tatyana N. Gordeychuk,
Inna V. Stonik,
Elena A. Shtraikhert
209-218 460
Abstract
Chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration in the upper 100 m layer of the northwestern Japan Sea is measured both by fluorimeter Wetlabs mounted on oceanographic sonde-profilometer SBE 911 and by standard spectrophotometric method in the 1st Russian-Chinese survey in the autumn of 2010. Biomass and species composition of phytoplankton at the seas surface are determined in the same time. For the whole area of measurements, the data on Chl defined by two methods correlate weakly (R2 = 0.22). However, after dividing the investigated area onto five local areas taking into account oceanographic patterns and satellite data on Chl concentration (8-day composite images), the correlation becomes higher for any local area (R2 from 0.57 to 0.91). Inclination of regression between the data measured by two methods (ratio fluorescence : concentration) varies between the areas, as well - from 0.76 above the continental slope of middle Primorye to 1.70 at Kito-Yamato Bank. This variability is reasoned by variations of both oceanographic conditions and species composition of phytoplankton. Instability of Chl fluorescent ability should be considered when satellite data on Chl concentration are used.
219-226 374
Abstract
Effect of copper on mysids is investigated for Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea) in July 2006 and August 2007. High concentrations of Cu2+ are dangerous for biota of the coastal waters. Mysids (small crustaceans) are the best test organisms for evaluation of pollutants toxicity and for bioassay of polluted waters because of their wide spreading in the coastal waters, short life cycle, easy collection and cultivation, and high sensitivity to water quality. Two mysid species - Neomysis mirabilis and Paracanthomysis sp. are common for shallows of Peter the Great Bay in May-October. For the experiment, the mysids were collected in a shallow area from the surface layer (0.05-100 cm). Survival rate was examined for their females with length 12-14 mm ( N. mirabilis ) and 13-14 mm ( P. sp.), for that 5 individuals of each species were transferred from big aerated tanks into 600 mL glass jars containing 500 mL of different test solutions prepared by adding the necessary amount of copper sulphate, CuSO4 • 5H2O dissolved in bidistilled water to the seawater with temperature 20-22 °C and salinity 32-33 ‰. The copper ions concentration in the tested solutions was measured at the beginning and at the end of each experiment using Nippon Jarrell Ash AA-855 atom-absorption spectrophotometer. The mysids were not fed during the testing. Each test was repeated three times for each Cu concentration and for the control sample without copper. So, survival of 15 individuals was examined for each of 5 tested concentrations of Cu, that allowed to get the dose-effect equations with good significance. Some mortality of tested animals was observed in control groups, too; this effect was accounted by Abbott correction. Probit-analysis is used for processing of the results obtained in 96 h experiments. Paracanthomysis sp. is less tolerant to impact of Cu pollution, as compared with Neomysis mirabilis : lethal concentrations for 96 h exposure were LC0 0.8-0.9, LC10 1.4-1.5 and LC50 3.1-3.2 μgCu/l for P. sp . (sampled in July 2006 and August 2007) and LC0 3.4, LC10 4.8, and LC50 8.1 μgCu/l for N. mirabilis (sampled in July 2006). Moreover, Paracanthomysis sp. tolerance to copper is similar or lower than the tolerance of other cited tests-objects, as molluscs and sea urchins, though they have a wide range of LC50 for copper, depending on the species, life stage, and conditions of the experiment. Variation of tolerance among species could be reasoned by differences in their size and physiology; besides, young organisms are usually less tolerant to pollution than adults. In Peter the Great Bay, a noticeable negative effect of Cu on mysids is observed only in local areas of high anthropogenic pollution in the Amur, Ussuri, Nakhodka, and Posyet Bays where their survival is lowered.
227-234 452
Abstract
Dynamics of abundance and biomass is investigated for zooplankton in shallow and deep-water parts of the Ussuri Bay in May-September of 2007-2011. Boreal copepods prevail in spring and early summer, with domination of wide-spread species Pseudocalanus newmani and Oithona similis (in sum 65-70 % of total number) and neritic species Acartia sp. aff. clausi (28 %), but subtropic copepods Oithona brevicornis and Paracalanus parvus become more abundant in late summer (in sum 50-67 % of total number). Not numerous but large-sized species Sagitta spp., Neocalanus plumchrus , Metridia pacifica , and Calanus glacialis take 30-40 % of the total biomass Two seasonal peaks of zooplankton abundance are observed in the shallow northern part of the Bay (in June and September) but only one seasonal peak (in May) - in its deep-water southern part. Generally, the zooplankton community in the Ussuri Bay is distinguished by high species diversity caused by species with both different zoogeography, as tropical, sub-tropical, boreal, and arctic-boreal ones, and different environmental preference, as residents of brackish, neritic, and oceanic waters (the latter large-sized species provide high biomass of zooplankton). Meroplankton species are presented in the zooplankton community during entire investigated season.
235-256 575
Abstract
Underwater noise radiated by two medium-tonnage research vessels of Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) belonged to the same project «Atlantic-833» (RV TINRO and Professor Kaganovsky) is measured by a calibrated hydrophone system. Tools and methods of the noise measurement and methods of the data processing are described in details. Diagrams of the noise spatial distribution, its amplitude-time and spectral-power parameters are presented and compared with those recommended by ICES for fishery research vessels and with similar parameters of other vessels. The maximum noise level is registered abeam of the vessels; the sound interference is observed at the sea surface in the beam vicinity. The noise spectrum is limited by the frequency 2000 Hz with high power in the band < 500 Hz; the spectral power decreases by 3 dB per octave for the frequencies > 200 Hz. The noise field at the sea surface has a classic «butterfly» shape for the frequency range 600-2000 Hz. The noise in 1/3-octave bands exceeds the level recommended by ICES for research vessels on 20-22 dB for the frequencies < 200 Hz and on 10 dB for the frequencies > 500 Hz, it exceeds the noise of diesel-electric RV Oscar Dyson (USA) on 18-24 dB for the frequencies < 1000 Hz and is similar to noise of factory trawler Prometey (USSR) and RV Miller Freeman (USA) for the frequencies most sensitive for fish. Distance of fish reaction to the sonar noise is determined for mass commercial species: it is the largest among research vessels for cod and pollock but is shorter than that one for RV Miller Freeman for herring (commercial trawler Prometey has the largest distance for all these species). For salmons, the distance of their reaction to sonar noise of TINRO’ vessels does not exceed that one recommended by ICES (20 m).
AQUACULTURE
257-267 400
Abstract
Seawater filtration is tested on the experimental stand with 10 types of single- and double-layer filters for water samples collected in 3 sites with different environments in the Severnaya Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea). Quality of the filtered water is evaluated by several parameters: temperature, coloration, turbidity, transparency, odor, flavor, foaminess, and salinity. Bio-balls, haydite, ceramics, alundum, gravel, zeolite, plastic, plastic in paraffin, sulphonated coal, and sea sand were used as a filler for the single-layer filters and haydite + gravel, haydite + ceramics, sand, sulfonated gravel + sand, zeolite + plastic + sand, and plastic in paraffin - for the double-layer filters. Dependence of the filters discharge capacity on fineness of filler and filtering time is determined. An algorithm for selection of optimal filter and filler is proposed that allows to improve the filter efficiency. The double-layer filters were the most effective in the experiment. So as a long-time filtering causes plugging of the filler pores and lowering of the filtered water quality, the filters with heightened discharge capacity are more effective.
PROMRYBOLOVSTVO
268-274 458
Abstract
Mushroom anchors are proposed for positioning of vessels and fishing gears on soft grounds, as sands and silts. Designs of the anchors of original shape are presented. Their holding force is determined for certain navigational conditions, and the forces acting on a floating object are calculated for the cases of anchoring perpendicular and parallel to the water flow. Weight of the mushroom anchors necessary for anchoring of a floating object is calculated and scheme of the anchorage is presented for the depth 250 m. The mushroom anchors using for rescue operations in the Okhotsk Sea and for shrimp pot fishery in the Japan Sea is discussed, in particular the episode of positioning the vessel of deadweight 2433 t in conditions of 3-points roughness and the current velocity 2 knots at the sea surface and 4 knots at the sea bottom with using two stern and one bow mushroom anchors. Using of the compact mushroom anchor for shrimp pot fishery allows to reduce the traps moving along the bottom during their hauling. Possibly, the mushroom anchors could be used for other gears installation, as well, as stationary nets, crab traps, bottom longlines, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESSING OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS,
Tatyana A. Davletshina,
Lidiya V. Shulgina,
Nadezhda V. Dolbnina,
Zinaida P. Shvidkaya,
Galina I. Zagorodnaya,
Elena A. Solodova,
Konstantin G. Pavel
275-286 374
Abstract
Parameters of food safety and food and biological value are tested for muscular tissue of small-sized pacific saury stored under temperature of minus 30 °C and minus 18 °C. The muscular tissue contains 21.0-22.1 % of proteins and 10.6-11.8 % of lipids. Quality of the raw material after the storage corresponds to all hygienic and sanitary requirements, moreover, the rate of histamine decreasing and lipids oxidation and hydrolysis allows to prolong the time of frozen storage under temperature minus 30 °C up to 6 months. The most rational utilization of the small-sized saury is its processing to canned pate. Food and biological value of the canned pate is evaluated, regime of its sterilization is scientifically substantiated. Technology and recipe of the canned food «Pate Special of pacific saury» is developed. The product is distinguished by high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of series ω6 and ω3 in the ratio 3.4 : 1.0, so it can be considered as the product of preventive nutrition .
287-294 377
Abstract
The principal component of protein-carbohydrate mixtures for sports nutrition (gainers) are active peptides, usually synthetic ones. New biologically active supplements-gainers are introduced, which use hydrolyzates of fish scales as the active peptides. The raw material for the hydrolyzates is the waste of fishery enterprises in Kaliningrad, in particular the scales of pilchard and bream, that is not utilized yet. The scales contain a valuable collagen protein necessary for bones, ligaments, and muscles of athletes. It can be extracted to the hydrolyzate by enzymatic processing with collagenase and acidic and neutral proteases of microbial origin in water extract of black mint and by hydrothermal processing under high pressure; finally the aqueous fraction of hydrolyzed scale is dried by sublimation method. Amino acid composition of the bream and pilchard scale is investigated. Biological value of active peptides is assessed for the scale hydrolyzates. Composition of new gainers for sports nutrition is substantiated, that includes the liquid fraction of hydrolyzed scales, crushed mineral fraction of the scales, bee pollen, L-carnitine, and black mint extract; the finished product are the gelled forms of 20-50 g weight. Recommendations of the gainers usage in heavy athletics are substantiated.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONS
295-297 418
Abstract
New technique for collecting, fixing and counting of fish pyloric appendages is described that does not use any chemical fixing reagent. It includes storing of chemically untreated deep-frozen samples during unlimited time, defrosting the samples, and heat treatment the samples in microwave oven depending on weight of sample and power of the oven. The technique allows to avoid work with toxic reagents, as ethanol and formalin, and to lower the costs of investigation.
ISSN 1606-9919 (Print)
ISSN 2658-5510 (Online)
ISSN 2658-5510 (Online)